Aminoglycoside antibiotics application

Luciferase assay. In this technique, firefly luciferase is used to measure small amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a bacterial culture, ATP levels being reduced by the inhibitory action of aminoglycoside antibiotics. This method may find more application in the future as more active and reliable luciferase preparations become available. 

Takeda, N. Harada, K.-L Suzuki, M. Tatematsu, A. Kubodera, T. Application of Emitter CI-MS to Stractural Characterization of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics. Org. Mass Spectrom. 1982,17, 247-252. 

Yang, W. C., Yu, A. M., and Chen, H. Y. (2001). Applications of a copper microparticle-modified carbon fiber microdisk array electrode for the simultaneous determination of aminoglycoside antibiotics by capillary electrophoresis. /. Chromatogr. A 905, 309—318. 

Although a number of chromatographic methods have been reported for determinations of aminoglycoside antibiotics in blood serum and urine, the application of chromatographic methods to residue analysis has been very limited. Shaikh et al (93) recently described an HPLC method for neomycin in animal tissue, and Lachatre et al (94) described a method for nine aminoglycosides in plasma, urine, and renal cortex tissue. Both procedures use post column derivatization with a-pthalaldehyde and fluorescence detection. 

Table 1.19. Some aminoglycoside antibiotics which have gained significant therapeutic application. Producer microorganisms are listed in brackets. In addition to naturally produced aminoglycosides, a number of semi-synthetic derivatives have also found medical application. Examples include amikacin, a semi-synthetic derivative of kanamycin and netilmicin, an N-ethyl derivative of sissomicin...

Examples for the use of acetals such as 3, of 3-nitropropanal (1), and of 3-nitropropanol (2) or its O-protected derivatives are given in the references.22-24 A recent, notable application from this group is a short, high-yield synthesis of l-acosamine,25 the arabino isomer of 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxyhexoses that form part of many antitumor aminoglycoside antibiotics 26... 

These reactions were applied to the synthesis of phenol derivatives [32], aminoglycoside antibiotics [33] etc.. . and are of great interest in other synthetic applications, b) In the field of substitution reactions, a more recent application of photobromination reactions is described for the synthesis of L-iduronic acid derivatives from D-glu-curonic acid analogs 26. The C-5 photobrominated product 27 is reduced with tri-n-butyltin hydride to give a mixture of starting material and the L-idopyranuronate 28 by a supposed rapidly interconverting radical [29] (Scheme 14). 

P. Hu, E.K. Chess, S. Brynjelsen, G. Jabubowski, J. Melchert, R.B. Hammond, T.D. Wilson, CID of aminocyclitol-aminoglycoside antibiotics and their application in the identification of a new compound in tobramycin samples, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.,... 

The remarkably successful clinical application of aminoglycoside antibiotics attracted the attention of many organic chemists. With his continuous interest in this field for more than 20 years, Sumio Umezawa accomplished the first total synthesis of many aminoglycosides, including paromamine,- neamine," trehalosamine, kanamycins A, B, and C, 2 butirosin B, tobramycin, " streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, and neomycins B and C. ... 

Aminoglycoside antibiotics as specific inhibitors of splicing might be of interest should they inhibit growth of the organisms [195], with possible applications in development of a new class of antifimgal agents. 

Harada, T. Iwamori, M. Nagai, Y. Nomura, Y. Analysis of aminoglycoside antibiotics as benzoyl derivatives by high-performance liquid chromatography and its application to the quantitation of neomycin in the perilymph. J.Chromatogr., 1985, 337, 187-193... 

Application of this method for aziridine-ring closure was extended to the synthesis of epimino analogues of aminoglycosidic antibiotics.Kumar and coworkers have reported preparation of the 2",3"-epimino analogue of... 

In addition to more or less complete amino acid separations, suitable chromatographic systems for the rapid determination of selected amino acids [4-amino-butyric acid (GABA) [336], histidine and 3-methylhisti-dine [367] or a group of selected amino acids, such as those involved in the urea cycle (arginine, citrulline, ornithine, agmatine) [368], have been reported. Precolumn derivative formation with OPA/R-SH reagents is also suited to the automated establishment of peptide maps [369]. A number of authors have published methods for the sensitive determination of aminoglycoside antibiotics [365,370—373]. The method has also found application for the determination of histamine and its methylation products [374—376], catecholamines and serotonin [377—379] and polyamines [380]. 

Dionex Corporation (2011) Dionex Application Note No. 267 Analysis of the Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Kanamycin and Amikacin Matches USP Requirements. Dionex Corporation (now part of Thermo Fisher Scientific), Sunnyvale, CA, USA. 

Perhaps, however, aminocyclitol derivatives are the most important group of compounds to have become accessible by application of the mercury-induced reaction, since they figure prominently in natural products - notably the aminoglycoside antibiotics. Central to many of these are compounds 25 (strepti-dine) and 26 (2-deoxystreptamine) that occur in glycosylated forms in streptomycin and the neomycins, respectively, and compounds of this type have frequently been made by the mercury-based cyclization procedure. The amino... 

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