Amino acid grasses

In contrast to strategy 1 plants, grasses are characterized by a diffeient mechani.sm for Fe acquisition, with Fe-mobilizing root exudates as main feature. In response to Fe deficiency, graminaceous plants (strategy II plants) (39) are able to release considerable amounts of non-proteinaceous amino acids (Fig. 8B), so called phytosiderophores (PS), which are highly effective chelators for Felll (Fig. 8)... 

Table VI. Required Amino Acids in Some Tropical Leafy Vegetables and Grasses [g Amino Acids/100 g Protein Adapted from Nagy et al., (4)]...

Wheat, rye, and barley have a common ancestral origin in the grass family. Oats are more distantly related to the analogous proteins in wheat, rye, and barley and the oat prolamins (avenin) have substantially lower proline content. Avenin accounts for 5-15% of the total protein in oats, whereas in wheat, barley, and rye, prolamins constitute 40-50% of the total protein (Kilmartin et al., 2006). Some investigators believe that there are similarities between the protein structure of oats and some wheat-like sequences, which may indicate that large amounts of oats could potentially be toxic to patients with celiac disease. However, the putative toxic amino acid sequences are less frequent in avenin than in other prolamins, which explains the less toxic nature of oats (Arentz-Hansen et al., 2004 Ellis and Ciclitira, 2001, 2008 Shan et al., 2005 Vader et al., 2002, 2003). 

Yeoh, H.-H. and Watson, L. (1981). Systematic variation in amino acid compositions of grass caryopses. Phytochemistry 20,1041-1051. 

In contrast to the rutelines, the melolonthine scarabs generally use terpenoid-and amino acid-derived pheromones (reviewed in Leal, 1999). For example, the female large black chafer, Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky, produces methyl (2.S, 3. Sj - 2 - am ino-3-methy lpcn tanoatc (L-isoleucine methyl ester) as an amino acid-derived sex pheromone (Leal et al., 1992 Leal, 1997). There is no direct evidence that the chafer beetles or any other Coleoptera use the shikimic acid pathway for de novo pheromone biosynthesis, but some scarabs and scolytids (see section 6.6.4.2) may convert amino acids such as tyrosine, phenylalanine, or tryptophan to aromatic pheromone components (Leal, 1997,1999). In another melolonthine species, the female grass grab beetle, Costelytra zealandica (White), the phenol sex pheromone is produced by symbiotic bacteria (Henzell and Lowe, 1970 Hoyt et al. 1971). 

Flucetosulfuron [188,189] is a sulfonylurea experimental postemergence herbicide for controlling grasses such as barnyard grass in rice and broadleaf weeds such as Galium aparine in cereals. It shares with previously introduced sulfonylurea herbicides a common mode of action, inhibition of the ALS enzyme, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of branched amino acids, such as leucine, isoleucine, and valine [76],... 

Wu, L., Guo, X., and Banuelos, G.S. 1997. Accumulation of seleno-amino acids in legume and grass plant species grown in selenium laden soil. Journal of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16(3) 491-7. 

Amino acid(ate)s Phosphorylated sugars, e.g. inositol hexaphosphate RCO-COO- + NH +, pyridoxal phosphate About -0.1 (glycoUate/ glyoxylate redox couple pertinent to plants) 2.01 102 ca. 30 (drying mosses, grasses like Lolium perenne)... 

Table 3.4 Bjerrum s a parameter as calculated from c and x and corresponding properties of the proton. The ligands most often given away by both green plant roots and fungal mycelia produce a 0, making uptake of metal ions less sensitive towards pH changes even though certain of these ligands are fairly readily protonated, i.e. are considerable Brdnsted bases. This does not hold for those amino acids which are employed by grasses, mosses mainly, pointing to decreased selectivity...

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