Amide-esters => aldehydes

Their reaction worked on a large library of thiophene substrates, and was even shown to arylate benzofurans and indoles in the same conditions. The reaction also tolerated a vast array of functionalities including, amides, esters, aldehydes and olefins. These perfluoroarene-thiophene compounds are being used in various electronic materials including diodes and transistors," " making Zhang s reaction a superior way to produce these materials. 

Anhydrous magnesium sulphate. This is an excellent, neutral desiccating agent and is inexpensive. It is rapid in its action, chemically inert and fairly efficient, and can be employed for most compounds including those (esters, aldehydes, ketones, nitriles, amides, etc.) to which calcium chloride is not applicable. 

As a class of compounds, nitriles have broad commercial utility that includes their use as solvents, feedstocks, pharmaceuticals, catalysts, and pesticides. The versatile reactivity of organonitnles arises both from the reactivity of the C=N bond, and from the abiHty of the cyano substituent to activate adjacent bonds, especially C—H bonds. Nitriles can be used to prepare amines, amides, amidines, carboxyHc acids and esters, aldehydes, ketones, large-ring cycHc ketones, imines, heterocycles, orthoesters, and other compounds. Some of the more common transformations involve hydrolysis or alcoholysis to produce amides, acids and esters, and hydrogenation to produce amines, which are intermediates for the production of polyurethanes and polyamides. An extensive review on hydrogenation of nitriles has been recendy pubHshed (10). 

I.V-CartMnykfrimidazole 2 an activating reagent torcartx)xyHc acids in tormation of esters, amides, peptides, aldehydes and ketones via inMazolldes 3. 

Trimelhylsilyl enol ethers are effective substrates in fluorination with fluo-roxytrifluoromethanefor the preparation of a-fluoro esters, amides and aldehydes [J7] (equations 13-15)... 

Amides are very weak nucleophiles, far too weak to attack alkyl halides, so they must first be converted to their conjugate bases. By this method, unsubstituted amides can be converted to N-substituted, or N-substituted to N,N-disubstituted, amides. Esters of sulfuric or sulfonic acids can also be substrates. Tertiary substrates give elimination. O-Alkylation is at times a side reaction. Both amides and sulfonamides have been alkylated under phase-transfer conditions. Lactams can be alkylated using similar procedures. Ethyl pyroglutamate (5-carboethoxy 2-pyrrolidinone) and related lactams were converted to N-alkyl derivatives via treatment with NaH (short contact time) followed by addition of the halide. 2-Pyrrolidinone derivatives can be alkylated using a similar procedure. Lactams can be reductively alkylated using aldehydes under catalytic hydrogenation... 

Aldol-Type Reactions between Carboxylic Esters or Amides and Aldehydes or Ketones... 

Light and permanent gases, low molecular weight acids, alcohols, glycols, ketones, hydrocarbons, esters, nitriles and nitroalkanes. Amines, amides, alcohols, aldehydes, hydrazines and ketones. 

The palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of aryl halides in the presence of various nucleophiles is a convenient method for synthesizing various aromatic carbonyl compounds (e.g., acids, esters, amides, thioesters, aldehydes, and ketones). Aromatic acids bearing different aromatic fragments and having various substituents on the benzene ring have been prepared from aryl iodides at room temperature under 1 atm... 

Dithiophosphoric acids, (RO)2PS2H, have been used for the thionation of carbonyl groups in certain aldehydes, ketones, amides, esters, thio-carboxylates and other organics.163 The mechanism for this reaction proceeds via a reversible nucleophilic attack of the thioacid on the carbonyl compound, which can then rearrange by way of a four-membered PSCO cyclic intermediate into the desired C=S containing molecule and thiophosphoric acid (Equation 81).163... 

Silylimines fi-lactams.1 This lithium amide converts aldehydes, even enol-izable ones, into silylimines. Thus acetaldehyde can be converted into the imine (2), which cannot be isolated but which reacts with lithium ester enolates to form... 

The root name is based on the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms bearing the carhoxyl group. The -e is replaced by -oic acid. The chain is numbered starting with the carhoxyl carbon atom. The carboxyl group takes priority over any other functional groups as follows carboxylic acid > ester > amide > nitrile > aldehyde > ketone > alcohol > amine > alkene > alkyne. 

Identify the following functional groups in this organic molecule—amide, ester, ketone, ether, alcohol, aldehyde, amine ... 

The present report gives the methods used and the data obtained for acid, ester, aldehyde, ketone, amide, hydroxyl, and ether functional groups in kero-gen and trona acids. These methods may be applicable also in studying coals and other carbonaceous materials. 

A large part of the usefulness of the Michael reaction in organic synthesis derives from the fact that almost any activated alkene can serve as an acceptor7—a, 3-unsaturated ketones, esters, aldehydes, amides, acids, lactones, nitriles, sulfoxides, sulfones, nitro compounds, phosphonates, phosphoranes, quinones,... 

Identify the kinds of carbonyl groups in the following molecules (aldehyde, amide, ester, or ketone) ... 

This topological rule readily explained the reaction product 211 (>90% stereoselectivity) of open-chain nitroolefins 209 with open-chain enamines 210. Seebach and Golinski have further pointed out that several condensation reactions can also be rationalized by using this approach (a) cyclopropane formation from olefin and carbene, (b) Wittig reaction with aldehydes yielding cis olefins, (c) trans-dialkyl oxirane from alkylidene triphenylarsane and aldehydes, (d) ketenes and cyclopentadiene 2+2-addition, le) (E)-silyl-nitronate and aldehydes, (f) syn and anti-Li and B-enolates of ketones, esters, amides and aldehydes, (g) Z-allylboranes and aldehydes, (h) E-alkyl-borane or E-allylchromium derivatives and aldehydes, (i) enamine from cyclohexanone and cinnamic aldehyde, (j) E-enamines and E-nitroolefins and finally, (k) enamines from cycloalkanones and styryl sulfone. 

Solubility in water. Since water is a polar compound, it is a poor solvent for hydrocarbons of all types. Salts are usually extremely polar, and are generally water-soluble. Other compounds fall between these two extremes these include alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ketones, adds, ethers, amides, nitriles and amines. Acids and amines are generally more soluble than neutral compounds. 

This mechanism adequately coordinates the well-known variations of base-induced dismutations of aldehydes into a general picture and makes it unnecessary to suppose that different bases act in different ways. The formation of esters when an aldehyde is treated with an alkoxide follows the same scheme, with OR- in place of OH-, and takes into account the ester interchanges which have been observed to occur. The transformation of benzaldehyde into benzamide and benzyl alcohol by the action of sodamide 18 proceeds analogously, amide-ester interchange brought about by the amide ion being the last step. 

Saturated hydrocarbons < olefins < aromatic hydrocarbons = organic halides < sulfides < ethers < nitro compounds < esters = aldehydes = ketones < alcohols = amines < sulfones < amides < carboxylic acids... 

Enantioselective additions of a,f)-unsaturated 2-acyl imidazoles, catalyzed by bis(oxazolinyl)pyridine-scandium(III)triflate complex, were used for the asymmetric synthesis of 3-substituted indoles. The complex 114 was one of the most promising catalysts. The choice of acetonitrile as the solvent and the use of 4 A molecular sieves were also found to be advantageous. The 2-acyl imidazole residue in the alkylation products of u,(i-unsaturated 2-acyl imidazoles could be transformed into synthetically useful amides, esters, carboxylic acid, ketones, and aldehydes (Scheme 32) [105]. Moreover, the catalyst 114 produced both the intramolecular indole alkylation and the 2-substituted indoles in good yield and enantioselectivity (Scheme 33) [106]. The complex... 

The NaPb-C2HsCl reaction is characterized by an induction period. This induction period can be shortened by the use of various reaction accelerators, such as acetone and other ketones, esters, aldehydes, acid anhydrides, ketals, amides, phosphates, and metal alkoxides 34,50,51,95, 96,246,284), induction period can also be shortened by the substitution of a small amount of potassium for the sodium in the alloy (on an atom basis) such potassium substitution also increases the yield and minimizes Wurtz-type reactions 49,288,289,320). 

This chapter summarizes the sparse existing data on those 1,5-naphthyridines that bear functional groups that are joined to the nucleus through their carbon atoms carboxylic acids, esters, amides, nitriles, aldehydes, and ketones. 

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