American University of Beirut

Perhaps one of the most exciting developments in the chemistry of quinoxalines and phenazines in recent years originates from the American University of Beirut in Lebanon, where Haddadin and Issidorides first made the observation that benzofuroxans undergo reaction with a variety of alkenic substrates to produce quinoxaline di-AT-oxides in a one-pot reaction which has subsequently become known as the Beirut reaction . Many new reactions tend to fall by the wayside by virtue of the fact that they are experimentally complex or require starting materials which are inaccessible however, in this instance the experimental conditions are straightforward and the starting benzofuroxans are conveniently prepared by hypochlorite oxidation of the corresponding o-nitroanilines or by pyrolysis of o-nitrophenyl azides. 

In 1965, Haddadin and Issidorides, at the American University of Beirut, observed that combining 1 with morpholinocyclohexene 5 in methanol afforded quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide 6 in 48% yield." Shortly thereafter, the same authors reported that 1 also reacts with 1,3-dicarbonyl compound 7 in the presence of triethylamine to give the quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide 8 in 38% yield. This reaction has been referred to in the chemical literature as the Beirut reaction to acknowledge the city in which it was discovered. 

Shahrokh Saba was born in Tehran, Iran, studied at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon, where he obtained his B.S. in 1970. He continued his education at the University of East Anglia and received his Ph.D. in 1974 under the direction of Prof. A. R. Katritzky. During 1975-79, he taught as an assistant professor at Azad University in Tehran. He moved to the United States in 1980, and after postdoctoral fellowships in 1980 (Prof. R. Breslow, Columbia University), 1981 (Prof. W. C. Agosta, Rockefeller University), and 1982-83 (Prof. N. O. Smith, Fordham University), he assumed a teaching position at Kean College of New Jersey in 1984. He returned to Fordham University in 1986 and took up his present position, and is currently an associate professor of chemistry. His scientific interests include all aspects of heterocyclic chemistry, and new uses of simple ammonium salts in organic synthesis. 

The triplet state. Proceesings of an international Symposium held at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon, 14—19 Feb. 1967. Cambridge University Press 1967. 

Makhluf J. Haddadin was born in Main, Jordan. He holds B.S. and M.S. degrees (Professor C. H. Issidorides) from the American University of Beirut and a Ph.D. degree from the University of Colorado, USA (Professor A. Hassner). He was a research fellow at Harvard University (Professor L. F. Fieser). The art of heterocyclic chemistry has been his main hobby as he worked on heterocyclic steroids, isobenzofurans, isoindoles, quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides (the Beirut reaction), pyridazines, tetrazines, 277-indazoles, and other heterocycles. He rejoined his alma mater in 1964 and currently serves as professor of chemistry. He was vice-president for academic affairs (1987-99). 

Claudia J. Nachef was born in Saida, Lebanon. She holds a B.S. degree from the Saint-Joseph University, Lebanon, and a M.S. degree (Doctor Jean-Yves Winum) from the University of Montpellier II, France. She is currently a research assistant at the American University of Beirut (Professor M. J. Haddadin). She worked on sulfonylureas for her M.S. degree and has been working on benzofurazan oxides, quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides, phenazines, and pyocyanins. 

University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK 2 Department of Physics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon... 

One of us (M. A. G.) acknowledges the financial help from the University Research Board of the American University of Beirut to enable him to attend to JT Symposium in Leuven. 

M. Moreno (445), Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y Fisica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros s/n. 39005 Santander, Spain V. V. Moshchalkov (563), Laboratorium voor Vaste-stolfysica en Magnetisme, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium Elie A. Moujaes (169), Department of Physics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon... 

Amoco Research Center, Naperville, 111. 60540. tDow Research Laboratories, Midland, Mich. 48640. t Chemistry Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. S Aldrich Chemical Company, Cedar Knolls, N.J. 07927. 

Aoun E, Shamseddine A, Chehal A et al. (2003). Transfusion-associated GVHD 10 years experience at the American University of Beirut-Medical Center. Transfusion, 43, 1672-1676. 

British Army), 245, 251 Aosta, Duke of, 245 Aitun, Walter, 155 Ala, Hussein, 93, 100 Allen, Major Robert (British Army), 42, 53, 156-157 American University of Beirut, 59, 80-81... 

Saliba Ph.D. Najat Aoun, Professor of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Chair of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences Research Committee, Faculty of Arts and Sciences American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon... 

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, 406E Bechtel, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon e-mail Farook.Hamzeh aub.edu.lb... 

In 1965 researchers at the American University of Beirut observed that combining benzofurazan oxides with morpholine-cyclohexene in methanol afforded quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide in 48% yield. There is some debate in the literature as to the exact mechanism of the Beirut reaction. In the case of benzofurazan oxides reacting with an enamine, the following mechanism is generally accepted in the literature. The first step is nucleophilic addition of the enamine to the electrophilic benzofurazan oxide to form the ammonium zwitterion. Ring closure occurs via condensation of... 

References to the three manuscripts in Istanbul are given by Ergin (ibni Sina Bibliyografyasi , 49 71), and following him by Brockelmann (GAL Suppl. I, 817). I have also consulted a microfilm copy housed at the Jafet Memorial Library at the American University of Beirut and established that it is a copy of MS A below. 

American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon INTRODUCTION... 

Sari Hanafi is Associate Professor of Sociology at the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, American University of Beirut... 

The Council of Protestant Missionaries established this institution in the 1883. Initially, it occupied a building inside the American University of Beirut (AUB) Campus, but became independent in 1932. This institution used to prepare missionaries for the Middle East and Africa. 

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