American Society of Addictive Medicine

Marks MJ, Grady SR, Collins AC (1993) Downregulation of nicotinic receptor function after chronic nicotine infusion, J Pharmacol Exp Ther 266 1268-1276 Maurer P, Jennings GT, Willers J, Rohner F, Lindman Y, Roubicek K, Renner WA, Muller P, Bachmann MF (2005) A therapeutic vaccine for nicotine dependence preclinical efficacy, and Phase I safety and immunogenicity. Eur J Immunol 35 2031-2040 Mayo-Smith ME (1998) Management of alcohol intoxication and withdrawal. Principles of addiction medicine, 2nd edn. American Society of Addiction Medicine, Chevy Chase, MD, pp 431 40... 

Mayo-Smith MR Pharmacological management of alcohol withdrawal. A meta-analysis and evidence-based practice guideline. American Society of Addiction Medicine Working Group on Pharmacological Management of Alcohol. JAMA 1997 278(2) 144-51. 

Woodward JJ. Alcohol. In Miller NS (ed.). Principles of Addiction Medicine. Chevy Chase, Md. American Society of Addiction Medicine, 1994. 

Subsequently, a committee composed of representatives from the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine have developed a definition that includes typical behavioral changes, as well as the concept of denial ( 387). They characterized alcoholism as the following ... 

O Brien, Charles P., and A. Thomas McLellan. 1998. "Myths About the Treatment of Addiction." In Principles cf Addiction Medicine, edited by A. W. Graham, T. K. Schultz, and . B. Wilford. Chevy Chase, Md. American Society of Addiction Medicine. 

National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addictive Medicine defines alcoholism as a chronic disease influenced by genetic, psychological, and environmental factors. Alcoholism is described as a loss of control over drinking—a preoccupation with drinking despite negative consequences to one s physical, mental, and emotional makeup as well as one s work and family life. 

Gold, M. Herkov, M. The Pharmacology of Cocaine, Crack, and Other Stimulants. In Principles of Addiction Medicine, 2nd Ed. Graham, A., Schultz, T., Wilford, B., Eds. American Society of Addiction Medicine Chevy Chase, Maryland, 1998 137. 

Despite these and other difficult questions, the stepped care approach fits well with our current knowledge about change in patterns of alcohol and drug use and about the economics of treatment delivery. Stepped care fits what we know because it fosters a scientifically based, individualized delivery of effective treatment in the most efficient, least restrictive, and least expensive way. Indeed, major forces in addiction treatment, represented by the model of addiction treatment matching of the American Society of Addiction Medicine (Gastfriend, 2003), and the substance-abuse treatment guidelines of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, take a stepped care approach. 

S. Savage, E. C. Covington, H. A. Heit, J. Hunt, D. Joranson, and S. H. Schnoll, Definitions Related to the Use of Opioids for the Treatment of Pain, American Academy of Pain Medicine, American Pain Society, American Society of Addiction Medicine, Glenview, IL, 2001. 

American Society of Addiction Medicine http // www.asam.org/ (accessed October 2001). 

Griffiths RR, Juliano LM, Chausmer AL. Caffeine pharmacology and clinical effects. In Graham AW, Schultz TK, Mayo-Smith MF, et al, eds. Principles of Addiction Medicine, 3rd ed., pp. 193—224. Chevy Chase, MD, American Society of Addiction, 2003. Available at http //www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine dependence.html. 

Many of these nostrums were advertised to cure a myriad of diseases, but probably failed to cure any. However, they certainly created countless alcoholics and morphine addicts. By the early 1900s, concern regarding patent medicines was on the rise and the medical profession soon formally discredited their production. These measures unfortunately came too late to curb the infiltration of opium into American society. 

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