American Cyanamid Company chemical processes

The largest production of acrylamide is in Japan the United States and Europe also have large production faciUties. Some production is carried out in the Eastern Bloc countries, but details concerning quantities or processes are difficult to obtain. The principal producers in North America are The Dow Chemical Company, American Cyanamid Company, and Nalco Chemical Company (internal use) Dow sells only aqueous product and American Cyanamid sells both Hquid and sohd monomer. In Europe, Chemische Eabrik Stockhausen Cie, Ahied CoUoids, The Dow Chemical Company, and Cyanamid BV are producers Dow and American Cyanamid are the only suppHers to the merchant market, and crystalline monomer is available from American Cyanamid. Eor Japan, producers are Mitsubishi Chemical Industries, Mitsui Toatsu, and Nitto Chemical Industries Company (captive market). Crystals and solutions are available from Mitsui Toatsu and Mitsubishi, whereas only solution monomer is available from Nitto. 

Alberta Research Council, 327 American Cyanamid Company, 102 Amoco Production Company, 560 Baker Performance Chemicals, 577 Chung Yuan Christian University, 596 Dowell Schlumberger, 608,637 Exxon Chemical Company (ECTD), 366 Halliburton Services, 55,660 Heriot-Watt University, 520 ICI Chemicals and Polymers Ltd., 520 IMOD Processes Ltd., 520 Institut Charles Sadron, CRM-EAHP, CNRS-ULP, 111,124 Institut Fran9ais du Pdtrole, 224,276,410 Mayco Wellchem, 622 Mobile Research and Development Corporation, 137... 

FIGURE 18. Calco Chemical Division, American Cyanamid Company, Bound Brook, New Jersey, 1938. This facility was a major manufacturer of aniline and other aromatic amines, and in the 1950s pioneered the large-scale production of aniline by continuous fluid-bed, vapor-phase reduction of nitrobenzene (Catan process). Edelstein Collection... 

Mitsui Toatsu Chemical, Inc. disclosed a similar process usiag Raney copper (74) shortiy after the discovery at Dow, and BASF came out with a variation of the copper catalyst ia 1974 (75). Siace 1971 several hundred patents have shown modifications and improvements to this technology, both homogeneous and heterogeneous, and reviews of these processes have been pubHshed (76). Nalco Chemical Company has patented a process based essentially on Raney copper catalyst (77) ia both slurry and fixed-bed reactors and produces acrylamide monomer mainly for internal uses. Other producers ia Europe, besides Dow and American Cyanamid, iaclude AUied CoUoids and Stockhausen, who are beheved to use processes similar to the Raney copper technology of Mitsui Toatsu, and all have captive uses. Acrylamide is also produced ia large quantities ia Japan. Mitsui Toatsu and Mitsubishi are the largest producers, and both are beheved to use Raney copper catalysts ia a fixed bed reactor and to sell iato the merchant market. 

The chemical industry manufactures a large number of antioxidants (qv) as well as uv stabilizers and their mixtures with other additives used to facilitate resin processing. These companies include American Cyanamid, BASE, Ciba—Geigy, Eastman Chemical, Elf Atochem, Enichem, General Electric, Hoechst—Celanese, Sandoz, and Uniroyal, among others. The combined market for these products in the United States exceeded 900 million in 1994 and will reach 1 billion in the year 2000. 

By the end of the century, Du Pont (the industry s leader in product development) and Dow (its leader in process development) were the only two major American chemical companies still operating. Monsanto had moved successfully into pharmaceuticals, only to be acquired by the Swedish firm Pharmacia at the end of the century. American Cyanamid after a successful shift into pharmaceuticals was purchased by a leading company, American Home Products. Union Carbide and Allied Chemical, weakened by failed strategies, were acquired by Dow and Allied Signal. 

The development of herbicide-resistant crop varieties as undertaken by American Cyanamid is an evolutionary process that proceeds through a series of decision points. Initially, the market potential for herbicide resistance in the crop is evaluated. After a project is assessed as worthwhile, a scheme to make the crop resistant is established and implemented. Once the scheme proves successful and resistance is introduced into the crop of interest, the trait is characterized to assess commercial utility. A method for delivering resistant crops to the marketplace is then identified. Finally, through close cooperation between the seed company and the chemical company, the herbicide-resistant crop becomes available commercially. 

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