Ambystoma

De Solla SR, Bishop CA, Pettit KE, Elliott JE. 2002. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in eggs of red-legged frogs Rana aurora) and northwestern salamanders (Ambystoma gracile) in an agricultural landscape. Chemosphere 46 1027-1032. 

Eisthen H.L., Sengelaub D., Schroeder D. and Alberts J. (1994). Anatomy and forebrain projections of the olfactory and vomeronasal organs in Axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum). Brain Behav Evol 44, 108-124. 

Northwestern salamander, Ambystoma gracile 13.0 10 days Limb regeneration normal larvae 24... 

Nebeker, A.V., G.S. Schuytema, and S.L. Ott. 1994. Effects of cadmium on limb regeneration in the northwestern salamander Ambystoma gracile. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27 318-322. 

Eggs of the Jefferson salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) from a series of ponds that contain 1 to 25 pg Cu/L have — at the higher copper concentrations — a reduction in hatching success and an increase in embryonic mortality (Home and Dunson 1995). 

Marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum 50 pg/L 97% survival 4 days posthatch 155... 

Blem, C.R. and L.B. Blem. 1991. Cation concentrations and acidity in breeding ponds of the spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw) (Amphibia Ambystomatidae), in Virginia. North Carol. State Mus. Natur. Hist. 17 67-76. 

Home, M.T. and W.A. Dunson. 1995. Toxicity of metals and low pH to embryos and larvae of the Jefferson salamander, Ambystoma jeffersonianum. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 29 110-114. 

Jefferson salamander, Ambystoma jeffersonianum embryos (4-days postfertilization) exposed for 21 days to 130-800 pg Pb/L at pH 4.5 and 5.5 Green frog, Rana clamitans tadpoles At low pH, lead aids development and protects against arrested growth in a dose-dependent manner normal hatch and development at pH 5.5 and 800 pg Pb/L 47... 

Marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum Embryo-larva LC50 (96 h) 107.5 2... 

Scadding, S.R. 1990. Effects of tributyltin oxide on the skeletal structures of developing and regenerating limbs of axolotyl larvae, Ambystoma mexicanum. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 45 574-581. 

Marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum, embryos 2380 50% dead or deformed in 8 days 2... 

Spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum 247 LC50 (288 h), embryos 8... 

Anderson, R.S., J.E. Doos, and F.L. Rose. 1982. Differential ability of Ambystoma tigrinum hepatic microsomes to produce mutagenic metabolites from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic amines. Cancer Lett. 16 33-41. 

Rose, F.L. 1977. Tissue lesions of tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) relationship to sewage effluents. Ann. N.Y.Acad. Sci. 298 270-279. 

Koniski, A., and Cohen, N., Mitogen-activated axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) spleno-cytes produce a cytokine that promotes growth of homologous lymphoblasts, Dev. Comp. Immunol., 18, 239, 1994. 

Froese, J.M., Effects of Dietary Deltamethrin Exposure on the Immune System of Adult Tiger Salamanders Ambystoma tigrinum, M. Sc. Thesis, University of Saskatechewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, 2002. 

Froese, J.M., Smits, J.E., and Wickstrom M.L., Evaluation of two methods for assessing mechanisms of non-specific immunity in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum), J. Wildl. Dis., 41, 209, 2005. 

Johnson, M.S. et al., Effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in a holistic environmental exposure regime on a terrestrial salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. Toxicol. Pathol., 28, 334, 2000. 

Slooff, W. and Baerselman, R. Comparison of the nsefnlness of the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanuni) and the clawed toad (Zenopus laevis) in toxicological bioassays, BuU. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 24(3) 439-443, 1980. 

Predators learn to avoid distasteful salamanders. When molested, spotted salamanders Ambystoma maculatum) discharge a white slime, mostly in the tail region. They also raise and wag their tail when a predator is near. In one experiment, four out of five chickens learned to avoid these salamanders by sight after... 

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