Altered state theories

Research in this area attempts to prove that the altered state theories are wrong, but that the effects of hypnosis are nevertheless real and that subjects do not lake the effects of hypnosis, as social role and response expectancy theorists believe. A number of researchers hold that both altered state and social role/ response expectancy theories are correct and responsible for the effect of hypnosis. Additionally, it can be argued that a hypnotic state is a deeper form of hypnosis, following a nonaltered or less altered state in which suggestions are given and taken according to the social role/response expectancy theory. 

The formidable problems that are associated with the interpretation of LP kinetic data for nonstatistical IM reactions can be entirely avoided if the reactions can be studied in the HPL of kinetic behavior. In the HPL, the energy content of the initially formed species, X and Y, in reaction (2) would be very rapidly changed by collisions with the buffer gas so that the altered species, X and Y, would have normal Boltzmann distributions of energy. Furthermore, those Boltzmann energy distributions would be continuously refreshed as the most energetic X and Y within the distributions move forwards or backwards along the reaction coordinate. The interpretation of rate constants measured in the HPL is expected to be relatively straightforward because conventional transition-state theory can then be applied. 

Effect of Solvent on Arrhenius Plots. If water is a substrate, then the presence of an organic solvent, which may disrupt the structure and/or orientation of water, may alter the Arrhenius plot. For example, a linear plot is seen with fumarate hydratase in the presence of 10% methanol. However, the plot is biphasic in the presence of 10% ethanol . See Boltzmann Distribution Collision Theory Temperature Dependency, Transition-State Theory Energy of Activation On... 

Recall from transition state theory that the rate of a reaction depends on kg (the catalytic rate constant at infinite dilution in the given solvent), the activity of the reactants, and the activity of the activated complex. If one or more of the reactants is a charged species, then the activity coefficient of any ion can be expressed in terms of the Debye-Htickel theory. The latter treats the behavior of dilute solutions of ions in terms of electrical charge, the distance of closest approach of another ion, ionic strength, absolute temperature, as well as other constants that are characteristic of each solvent. If any other factor alters the effect of ionic strength on reaction rates, then one must look beyond Debye-Hiickel theory for an appropriate treatment. 

Colado MI, O Shea E Green AR (2004). Acute and long-term effects of MDMA on cerebral dopamine biochemistry and function. Psychopharmacology, 173, 249-63 Cole JC Sumnall HR ( 2003). Altered states The clinical effects of ecstasy. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 98, 35-58 Conklin CA Tiffany ST (2002). Applying extinction research and theory to cue-exposure addiction treatments. Addiction, 97, 155-67... 

This sort of thinking seems to be a good description of the psychological experiences and concepts of many psychics and mystics [49], as well as stemming from experiences in altered states of consciousness, but until someone tells us how to translate this idea into testable predictions that would be different from those generated from the idea of some kind of channel extending through space or time, we cannot consider it a scientific theory. So, in our model we shall stick with the idea of a channel. 

In postulating this radical theory of consciousness, I have drawn primarily on two sources my investigations of altered states of consciousness, in which I have explored some of the very radical alterations in the ways in which people perceive themselves and the world, and psi phenomena. 

All of the ab initio calcnlations that include electron correlation to some extent clearly favor the concerted pathway for Reaction 4.1. All of these computations also identified a transition state with Q symmetry, indicating perfectly synchronons bond formation. One method for distinguishing a synchronous from an asynchronous transition state is by secondary kinetic isotope effects (KIEs). Isotopic snbstitution alters the frequencies for all vibrations in which that isotope is involved. This leads to a different vibrational partition function for each isotopicaUy labeled species. Bigeleisen and Mayer determined the ratio of partition functions for isotopicaUy labeled species. Incorporating this into the Eyring transition state theory results in the ratio of rates for the isotopicaUy labeled species (Eq. (d. ))." Computation of the vibrational frequencies is thus... 

A beautiful piece of work on the theory of altered states of consciousness. ... 

In the steady state theory of mutation rates it is assumed that there are r critical sites, one or more per cell, which, if altered, lead to a mutation. If Vi is the rate at which sites are being changed and Vj is the rate at which a changed site is disappearing, and n sites have already been changed, then the steady state equation is... 

An approximate rate constant, fea, can be calculated from probability that the reactants in the distribution of quantum state will collide and react in accord with the collision frequency. The approximate constant is greater than the measured rate constant, k. One approach to improving transition state theory with respect to calculating the rate constant is to alter the configuration of the transition state used in the energy calculations in order to effect a change in In fact, the calculations are performed in such a way that the calculated rate constant is a minimum and thereby approaches the observed k. Just as energy minimization is accomplished by means of the... 

It is very difficult to think of the temporal duration of a natural process as a kind of complete entity. Instead, it is usually pictured as a sequence of instantaneous states which are spread out along a time co-ordinate. Each state consists of molecules, free radicals, etc., whose numbers change but whose properties are supposed to remain the same as if they were actually at equilibrium. In short, the fact that there is a reaction taking place is assumed not to cause any alteration in the equilibrium properties of the various entities— only of their numbers. But even in the latter respect it is often necessary to take over further conceptions from the theory of equilibrium, as will be discussed in 15 7 in connexion with the transition state theory. 

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