Allylation reaction using allylsilanes

To overcome this limitation, Yamamoto and coworkers investigated the reaction conditions and found that the use of KF and %-crown-6 in the presence of AgOTf and BINAP was effective in promoting the allylation reaction (Table 9.6).11 Thus, the reaction was conducted with aliphatic aldehydes and allytrimethoxysilane in the presence of catalyst to give the corresponding adducts with satisfactory yields and high enantioselectivities. Moreover, this catalytic system can be applied to the reaction between aromatic aldehydes and allyltrimethoxysilane. 

More recently, the catalyst that was prepared from AgOTf and Tol-BINAP was applied to the synthesis of 2,3-dihydrobenzofnrans. The reaction of 2,3-dihydroben-zoxasilepine and an aromatic aldehyde was carried out in the presence of the silver catalyst, KF, and 18-crown-6 to give tra s-2,3-disubstituted 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran 

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Scheme 7.8 Propagation steps for allylation reaction using allylsilanes...

Allylsilanes and allylstannanes are known to undergo the allylation reactions of aldehydes and ketones in the presence of Lewis acids (the most commonly used are TiCU and SnCU). Zirconium Lewis acids have often been compared with the titanium analogs. For most allylation reactions using allylsilanes the best results were obtained when TiCU or SnCU was used. For allylation reactions using allylstannanes, as illustrated in Eq. (15), however, ZrCU was used as the Lewis acid to obtain the bicyclic compound 36 via the intramolecular allylation of stannylaldehyde (35) [16]. 

Notes and discussion. Methyl a-D-gluco- and mannopyranosides and a-D-glycopyranosyl chlorides can react with allylsilanes via activation with trimethylsi-lyl trifluoromethanesulfonate or iodotrimethylsilane to stereoselectively afford the corresponding a-C-allylated glycopyranosides in excellent yields. The yields of the reactions depend on the solvent and the amount of catalyst employed. Acetonitrile is the most suitable solvent whereas dichloromethane, the most commonly used solvent for allylation reactions using allylsilanes, does not afford satisfactory results. The reactions proceed very slowly when promoted by less than 5 mol% of the catalyst, however, the use of 50 mol% of catalyst is sufficient to force the reactions to completion. 

Baba et al. found that the Sakurai-Hosomi reaction, a variant of the carbonyl allylation reaction using allylsilanes, was catalyzed by 5mol% of a InCl3-TMSCl catalytic pair [38]. Good to excellent yields of the products from the y-allylation... 

Si. rra(pentafluorophenyl)boron was found to be an efficient, air-stable, and water-tolerant Lewis-acid catalyst for the allylation reaction of allylsilanes with aldehydes.167 Sc(OTf)3-catalyzed allylations of hydrates of a-keto aldehydes, glyoxylates and activated aromatic aldehydes with allyltrimethylsilane in H2O-CH3CN were examined. a-Keto and a-ester homoallylic alcohols and aromatic homoallylic alcohols were obtained in good to excellent yields.168 Allylation reactions of carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes and reactive ketones using allyltrimethoxysilane in aqueous media proceeded smoothly in the presence of 5 mol% of a CdF2-terpyridine complex (Eq. 8.71).169... 

Allylations. In reactions using allylsilane as nucleophiles TiCU is one of the most popular catalysts. It is now employed in allylating squaric acid derivatives, 8-phenylmenthyl pyruvate, and (V-acyliminium ions. A remarkable observation is that the four stereocenters of the products from l,8-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2,6-octadiene and two aldehyde molecules are generated with good control. The stereoselective intramolecular reaction is most suitable for the synthesis of bicyclic a-methylene-y-lactones. ... 

The majority of catalytic enantioselective allylation reactions involve the chiral Lewis-acid-catalysed additions of allylsilanes or allylstannanes to carbonyl compounds. Monothiobinaphthol has been used by Woodward et al. as a chiral promoter in the enantioselective catalytic allylation of aryl ketones with impure Sn(allyl)4, prepared from allyl chloride, air-oxidised magnesium and SnCl4. Therefore, the allylation of arylketones in these conditions was achieved very efficiently, since the corresponding allylic alcohols were formed in... 

Allylation of aldehydes or ketones using allylsilanes, known as the Hosomi-Sakurai reaction, is a useful method for obtaining homoallylic alcohols. TiIV compounds have been successfully applied to this reaction (Scheme 21) 80 Besides aldehydes and ketones, acylsilanes, 0,0-acetals, and A-,(7-acetals can be employed.81-83 1,4-Addition of an allyl group to an a,/ -unsaturated ketone has been also reported.84... 

In the second approach55 an allylsilane was employed as carbon nucleophile in the side chain. Allylsilanes have been frequently used as masked allyl carbanions, usually in reactions with a keto function57. Palladium-catalyzed reaction of allylsilane 57 with LiCl under similar conditions as used for the other intramolecular 1,4-oxidations afforded 58 (equation 22). Interestingly, the carbochlorination over the diene was highly 1,4-syn... 

The allylation reaction between ketones and allylsilanes was achieved in 2005. Yamamoto and Wadamoto developed the asymmetric allylation reaction in the presence of AgF-Difluorphos (Scheme 9.6).12 The reaction of ketones and allyltrimethoxysilane in the presence of AgF and Difluorophos afforded the corresponding tertiary homoallyhc alcohols with high enantioselectivities. Additionally, a,(3-unsaturated ketones could be used as substrates, and this catalytic system could be applied for the asymmetric crotylation reaction to obtain anti adducts preferentially (Schemes 9.7 and 9.8). When a,p-unsaturated ketones were used as substrates, 1,2-addition products were obtained exclusively. As described before, the anti adducts were obtained predominately, regardless of the geometry of crotyltrimethoxysilane. 

The addition of an allylsilane to an electrophile was first documented in 1948 by Sommer et al. [6]. These workers predicted that the allylsilane would react with an electrophile to generate a silicon-stabilized cationic intermediate. In 1956, Galas and co-workers demonstrated that allylsilanes undergo an allylic shift in the protiodesilylation of a cyclohexenylsilane to afford a methylidenecyclohexane [7], The first report of the reaction of allylsilanes with carbonyl compounds (1974) is also due to Galas [8]. These authors used activated substrates such as perfluoro-acetone and chloroacetone and AIGI3, GaGl3 or InGl3 as Lewis acids to promote... 

The effect of concentration in the chelation-controlled reactions of allylsilanes and a- and //-alkoxy aldehydes has been studied (Scheme 10-11) [31]. The a-al-koxy aldehyde 27 was allowed to react with varying amounts of TiCLj and allyl-trimethylsilane to produce the homoallylic alcohol 28. With less than 0.5 equivalents of TiCl4, the reaction affords a mixture of products. When 0.5 equivalents or more of TiCl4 are used, the reaction gives only the product of chelation control. Intervention of chelation control with the a-alkoxy aldehyde was independent of substrate concentration. The reaction of the y9-alkoxy aldehyde 29 is found to be highly sensitive to both the substrate concentration and the stoichiometry of TiCl4 employed. The reaction gave primarily the product of chelation control 30 when... 

Allylations of -alkoxy esters were demonstrated under atom and group transfer conditions using allylsilanes and chelating Lewis acid conditions [28]. Equation (13.18) illustrates the basic mechanism for this reaction. Once again, selectivities greater than 100 1 favoring the anti product and yields of 87% are reported. Results from this study suggest that inclusion of Lewis acids may help facilitate the atom transfer step. 

In 1976 we reported that aldehydes and ketones are efficiently allylated with allyl-trimethylsilane in the presence of a substoichiometric amount of I iLf, [332]. Subsequently, BU4NF, a fluoride ion source, was found to be an effective catalyst of this allylation reaction [333]. After these initial reports of the Hosomi-Sakurai reaction, several allylsilanes, including highly functionalized compounds, were used for regio- and stereoselective allylation of a variety of carbon electrophiles [6, 13, 14, 334]. In the nineteen-eighties, some Lewis acids (TMSOTf [335], TMSI [336]... 

In the presence of excess acetyl halide and a tin(II) catalyst aromatic acetals react with allyltrimethylsilane to give a-allylbenzyl halides in good yield by double substitution of the acetal alkoxy groups (Scheme 10.127) [365]. The indium-catalyzed tandem reaction using a hydrosilane-allylsilane system enables deoxygenative allylation of aromatic ketones [366]. 

The reaction of 2a with an allylsilane-type sulfide, 3-trimethylsilyl-2-methyl-thio-l-propene (7b), also afforded the cyclobutanes 8b and 9b in 54% (>98% ee) and 17% yields, respectively, without any formation of allylation and ene reaction products. The diastereoselectivity of these two reactions using 2-alkylthio-propene derivatives 7a,b is not high, but the major isomers 8a,b are obtained in nearly enantiomerically pure forms. 

Acid-induced reactions of silicon-containing unsaturated compounds with A -acyliminium intermediates have proven particularly useful. Allylsilanes lead to the corresponding allyl-substituted products. This reaction proceeds well even for -lactams (equation 49). 5.86 j, g penicillin-derived 4-acetoxyazet-idinone (91) reacts with excess allylsilane in refluxing dichloroethane, catalyzed by TMSOTf, to produce as the sole product trans compound (92). A -Acyliminium ions generated from cyclic ureas and carbamates (93) likewise yield allylated products with virtually complete trans stereoselectivity (equation SO). Allylstannanes react under somewhat milder conditions than allylsilanes, requiring only a catalytic amount of BFsZ EtjO at room temperature for a 3-lactam system (equation 51). This allylstannane procedure was applied to cyclic carbamate systems for the stereoselective synthesis of several isomers of statine. Thus, ethoxycarbamate (94) reacts with methallyltributylstannane in excellent yield and dia-stereoselectivity (equation 52). ... 

Guindon investigated diastereoselective allylation reactions of alkyl halides and phenyl selenides using allylsilanes [68], For example, substrate 116 is allylated by allyltrimethylsilane in the presence of magnesium bromide diethyl etherate using triethylboranc as an initiator (Scheme 25). No tin is required in these reactions. 

DeShong (Scheme 20). Thus, reaction of nitrones with vinyl silanes followed by reduction provides Peterson - type intermediates which can then be eliminated to either Z- or E-products. Homoallylic amines were also prepared using allylsilane in the initial cycloaddition. Substitution reactions of allylic nitro compounds have received considerable attention and some examples are outlined in Scheme 21. In each case, examination of the regiochemistry of the reaction was of paramount concern, the results using palladium being superior to the SnCl mediated process. Allylic sulphides constitute yet another group of... 

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