Allenes halide reactions

Tertiary acetylenic halides give unsatisfactory results owing to further isomerization of the allenic halide into a conjugated diene system under the influence of the copper salt. Bromo- and iodoallenes with the structures R R2C=C=CH-X can also be synthesized by an aqueous procedure, consisting of reaction between... 

Palladium(II) is one of the most important transition metals in catalytic oxidations of allenes [1], Scheme 17.1 shows the most common reactions. Transformations involving oxidative addition of palladium(O) to aryl and vinyl halides do not afford an oxidized product and are discussed in previous chapters. The mechanistically very similar reactions, initiated by nucleophilic attack by bromide ion on a (jt-allene)pal-ladium(II) complex, do afford products with higher oxidation state and are discussed below. These reactions proceed via a fairly stable (jt-allyl)palladium intermediate. Mechanistically, the reaction involves three discrete steps (1) generation of the jt-allyl complex from allene, halide ion and palladium(II) [2] (2) occasional isomeriza-... 

Another feature of carbenoid-type reactivity is the cyclopropanation (reaction c). Again, this reaction does not only take place in vinylidene but also in alkyl carbenoids . On the other hand, the intramolecular shift of a /3-aryl, cyclopropyl or hydrogen substituent, known as the Fritsch-Buttenberg-Wiechell rearrangement, is a typical reaction of a-lithiated vinyl halides (reaction d) . A particular carbenoid-like reaction occurring in a-halo-a-lithiocyclopropanes is the formation of allenes and simultaneous liberation of the corresponding lithium halide (equation 3). ... 

Secondary and tertiary propargyl alcohols are directly converted to halo-allenes on reaction with concentrated aqueous hydrogen halides in the presence of the corresponding cuprous halide [60,72-73]. (See Table VII.) Better yields are obtained with hydrogen bromide. Hydrogen chloride yields chloroallene, propargyl chloride, and the chloro- 1,3-diene isomers (Eq. 60). 

Carbonyl compounds also react with allenes and, in fact, the first example of a gold-catalyzed addition of a nucleophile to allenes was the formation of lurans from allenones. The reaction was applied by Gevorgyan to the synthesis of substituted furans and in the case of bromide-substituted allenes halide migration was observed. Similar additions of... 

The reaction of aryl halides 1 with alkynylcopper(I) 2 under reflux in pyridine to prepare internal arylacetylenes is known as the Stephens-Castro reaction [Eq. (1)] [2]. The reaction has proved to be particularly important in the synthesis of a wide range of tolan and heteroaromatic alkynes [3]. Vinyl and allenic halides can also be used and several reviews... 

Organometallics of allenic structure are usually prepared by the reactions of metals with propargylic or allenic halides, or by metallation with alkyllithiums of the corresponding hydrocarbons. The first preparation of allenylmagnesium bromide was accomplished by Prevost in I950. Allenylzinc bromide is easily obtained by the direct reaction of the metal with propargyl bromide at -100 °C in anhydrous tetra-hydrofuran. The yield is greater than 80%. ... 

Trisubstituted allenes. The reaction of aliphatic Grignard reagents with a 1,1-disubstituted propargylic acetate (1) in ether results in formation of a tri-alkylallene (2). Yields are satisfactory with Grignard reagents of primary halides, but less satisfactory when R - is an aryl group. ... 

However, there have appeared a few reports on the formation of allenes 9 from 8 by the reaction of alkynes with halides. As one example, clean and selective formation of the allene 13 in good yield by the reaction of the aryl bromide 10 with 4-octyne (11) was reported. It is important to use ortfto-substituted bromides for the allene formation [1]. The reaction can be understood by f-R elimination from the alkenylpalladium species 12. Similar allene forming reactions have been reported [2-4]. At present, the allene formation has been observed only in reactions using dialkylacetylenes, and should be regarded as an exceptional process. 

Although it had been reported several years ago by some research groups that allenes are produced in the reaction between certain propargylic halides and... 

The rate of the reaction decreases with increasing number of substituents in the acetylenic halide, and it is higher with acetylenic bromides than with the corresponding chlorides. Methyl magnesium iodide gives equal amounts of 1,1- and 1,3--substitution products, whereas tert.-butylmagnesium bromide does not react. However, for some tert.-butyl substituted allenes there exists an attractive com-... 

Aryl or alkenyl halides attack the central carbon of the allene system in the 2,3-butadien-l-ol 120 to form the 7r-allyl intermediate 121, which undergoes elimination reaction to afford the o,/3-unsaturated ketone 122 or aldehyde. The reaction proceeds smoothly in DMSO using dppe as a ligandflOl]. 

When allene derivatives are treated with aryl halides in the presence of Pd(0), the aryl group is introduced to the central carbon by insertion of one of the allenic bonds to form the 7r-allylpalladium intermediate 271, which is attacked further by amine to give the allylic amine 272. A good ligand for the reaction is dppe[182]. Intramolecular reaction of the 7-aminoallene 273 affords the pyrrolidine derivative 274[183]. 

Allenes also react with aryl and alkenyl halides, or triflates, and the 7r-allyl-palladium intermediates are trapped with carbon nucleophiles. The formation of 283 with malonate is an example[186]. The steroid skeleton 287 has been constructed by two-step reactions of allene with the enol trillate 284, followed by trapping with 2-methyl-l,3-cyclopentanedione (285) to give 286[187]. The inter- and intramolecular reactions of dimethyl 2,3-butenylmalonate (288) with iodobenzene afford the 3-cyclopentenedicarboxylate 289 as a main product) 188]. 

The stoichiometric reaction of allenes with Pd(II) is treated in Chapter 3, Section 9, and catalytic reactions with organic halides are in this chapter, Section 1.1,1.3 Other catalytic reactions of allenes are surveyed in this section. 

A closely related reaction of (—)-(S)-276 with the Grignard reagents obtained from a-acetylenic halides leads to the formation of mixtures of acetylenic sulphoxides 290 and allenic sulphoxides 291363 (equation 161). The latter compounds are most probably formed via transition state 292, which is analogous to 289. On the other hand, hex-l-ynyl p-tolyl sulphoxide 293 is smoothly prepared from hex-1 -ynylmagnesium bromide and (— )-(S)-276363 (equation 162). 

An intramolecular Pd-catalyzed ring closure of an allylic halide, acetate or carbonate containing an allene moiety as 6/1-256, followed by a Suzuki reaction, was used by Zhang and coworkers for the synthesis of five-membered carbo- and heterocycles 6/1-257 and 6/1-258 (Scheme 6/1.67) [125]. 

Another versatile domino process for the synthesis of carbocycles as well as heterocycles is the Pd-catalyzed reaction of organic halides or triflates with alkynes or allenes, which contain a carbo- or heteronucleophile in close vicinity to these functionalities (see Scheme 6/1.75) [133]. 

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