Alkynes, reaction with platinum complexes

A separate, quite thorough study of terminal alkyne hydrosilylation with platinum arrived at a similar set of conditions.39 This work utilized a one-pot hydrosilylation with the preformed platinum(O) complex (>Bu3P)Pt[(CH2=CH)Me2Si]20 ([(CH2=CH)Me2Si]20 = DVDS) and subsequent palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction to demonstrate that the platinum catalyst is compatible with cross-coupling conditions, providing a convenient hydrocarbation of terminal alkynes (Table 2). 

The robustness and excellent turnover numbers of platinum complexes with terminal alkynes have made it the catalyst of choice for the synthesis of polymers and other macromolecular architechtures. Alkyne hydrosilylation with platinum has also served as a key element in the synthesis of dendrimers. Sequential reaction of an alkyne with HSiMeCl2 and lithiated phenylacetylene afforded the branching unit of a dendrimer synthesis which has been used to afford a large variety of structures at high generation.44,4411 441 ... 

To realize milder reaction conditions, modification of the platinum catalyst system has been examined. A combined use of bis(catecholato)diboron with phosphine-free divalent platinum complex, PtCl2(cod), allows the diboration of alkynes to proceed at RT.42 The room-temperature diboration has also been achieved with a Pt(nbd)3-monophosphine (Pt/L= 1/1) catalyst.43... 

In relation to the mechanistic proposal, an interesting reactivity of (boryl)(silyl)platinum(n) complex has been reported.223 The complex is prepared by the reaction of silylborane with Pt(cod)2 complex via oxidative addition (Scheme 46). The (boryl)(silyl)platinum complex undergoes insertion of alkynes at the B-Pt bond to give (/3-borylalkenyl)(silyl)platinum(n) complex in high yield. Importantly, the insertion takes place regioselectively, with Pt-G bond formation at the internal. -carbon atom. This result may indicate that the boron-transition metal bond is more prone to undergo insertion of unsaturated molecules. 

Thermochemical data correspond with a decrease in the platinum(0)-alkene bond strength ir the sequence C2H4 > PhCH=CH2 > cis-PhCH=CHPh > frans-PhCH==CHPh. Displacemem reactions show an expanded stability order for platinum(O) complexes to be TCNE> PhCfeCH > alkenes.801 The relative weakness of alkene complexes relative to alkyne com plexes of platinum(O) is the reverse of that found with platinum(II).802... 

Alkynes coordinated to platinum(O) are susceptible to electrophilic attack. The reaction which has been most fully studied is the protonation of complexes Pt(alkyne)(PPh3)2 to give vinyl platinum(Il) complexes then alkenes. The reaction has been discussed in Section 52. The vinyl complexes formed undergo isomerization in the final step, since the cis vinyl complex yields some tracts-alkene. Carbene intermediates have been proposed in the pathway for this isomerization.848 Platinum(II) alkyne complexes can be converted into carbene complexes, and this reaction has been discussed in Section 52.4,6. This pattern of differential reactivity is apparent in the IR spectra of the two sets of complexes. For alkyne complexes of platinum(O) the C==C stretching frequency is lowered by some 450 cm-1 upon coordination, but with the platinum(II) analogs the difference is only in the region of 200 cm-1. 

A number of reactions of platinum(O) complexes have been discussed in the earlier sections of this chapter. These reactions include protonation reactions of PtL3 to give PtHLJ, oxidative addition of HX to give PtHXL, replacement with carboranes, alkenes and alkynes (L1) to give complexes of type PtLjL. The most studied complex of platinum(O) is Pt(PPh3)3 and in Scheme 10 are outlined examples of the numerous reactions which this compound will undergo. 

The reaction with 4-pentyn-l-ol gave only [Fe t/2-CH2=C(CH2)30) (CO)2(t/-C5H5)]+, and 3-hexyn-l-ol afforded (64, R = Et) (84) no evidence for the participation of the vinylidene tautomers was found. With ruthenium (45) and platinum (47) complexes, on the other hand, rearrangement to the vinylidene is faster than internal attack on the >/2-alkyne, and only the cyclic carbene complex is formed. 

On the other hand, the reaction of 1,2,3-selenadiazole 166 with 1 equiv of Pt(PPh3)4 in toluene at 140 °C (3 h) led to the formation of new selenoplatinum complex 52 in 35% yield (Equation 13) <2005TL1001>. This reaction may involve the insertion of di(triphenylphosphino)platinum into the selenadiazole ring, followed by 1,3-dipolar addition of an intermediate formed in situ by thermal elimination of dinitrogen with the elimination of triphenylphosphine, similar to the reaction with [Pd2(dba)3] and trialkylphosphine described above. The structure of complex 52 was established by X-ray analysis. Complex 52 is a selective catalyst for the hydrosilylation of terminal alkynes. 

Reactions of 250 with four electrophiles are recorded in Scheme 31. In general, the products are more stable than those from complexes with monodentate ligands. Reaction of 249 with CS2, 249 or 250 with alkynes, and 249-251 with ethylene gives products in which the C6H8 has been lost but its fate has not been determined attempts to trap free cyclohexyne failed.93 Loss of the organic ligand appears to occur more readily in nickel complexes than in those with platinum. 

Ruthenium complexes are known to be generally less reactive in hydrosilylation reactions when compared with platinum and rhodium ones. However, very selective ruthenium-based catalytic systems have been recently developed. The hydrosilylation of terminal alkynes generally tends to proceed through cis addition, resulting in trans adducts as the main products. 

The double silylation of unsaturated organic compounds catalyzed by group 10 metals is a convenient synthetic route to disilacyclic compounds. Nickel and platinum complexes, in particular, are excellent catalysts for the transformation of disilanes. Cyclic bis(silyl)metal complexes2,3 have been implicated as key intermediates in the metal-catalyzed double silylation of alkynes, alkenes, and aldehydes however, the intermediates have not been isolated due to their instability. We now describe (i) the isolation of the reactive intermediates cyclic bis(silyl)metal compounds (1) with bulky o-carborane unit 4 (ii) the generation of a new class of heterocyclic compounds (4-5) by the stoichiometric reaction of the intermediates with a variety of substrates such as an alkyne, dione, and nitrile 4 and (iii) the facile double silylation of alkenes and alkynes (10,12-14) catalyzed by the intermediate under mild conditions.5... 

Vicente and co-workers have recently synthesized platinum(n) 7 and mixed platinum(II)/ gold(I) a-alkynyl polymers 8.53 The monomers were prepared via dehydrohalogenation between c -[PtCI2( PR jb I and various alkynes. Polymerization occurred via the reaction of the platinum complex with PPN[Au(acac)2], giving polymers with mixed metal backbones. 

Another very useful route to vinylsilanes is hydrosilylation of alkynes by means of chlorosilanes, trialkoxysilanes, methyldichloro- or dialkoxysilanes, respectively, as catalyzed by ruthenium-, rhodium- or platinum complexes (equation 43a)62. A well-known example is the reaction of 31 with 7 in the presence of a ruthenium complex (equation 43b)62. 

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