Alkylene oxide polymers

Alkylene oxide polymer PENTEX American Hoechst... 

Chem. Descrip. Adduct of an alkoxy functional silane and an alkylene oxide polymer... 

Mathias, A., Mellor, N. 1966. Analysis of alkylene oxide polymers by NMR spectrometry and by gas-liquid chromatography. Anal. Ghem. 38 472-477. 

Poly(alI lene glycol)s. While these can be made from polymeri2ation of any alkylene oxide, they are usually prepared either from propylene oxide as the water-insoluble type, or as water-soluble copolymers of propylene oxide and up to 50% ethylene oxide (35,36) (see Polyethers, propylene OXIDE polymers). Current worldwide production is estimated to be about 45,000 t. 

Hydroxyhydroquinone and pyrogaHol can be used for lining reactors for vinyl chloride suspension polymerization to prevent formation of polymer deposits on the reactor walls (98). Hydroxyhydroquinone and certain of its derivatives are useful as auxiUary developers for silver haUde emulsions in photographic material their action is based on the dye diffusion-transfer process. The transferred picture has good contrast and stain-free highlights (99). 5-Acylhydroxyhydroquinones are useful as stabilizer components for poly(alkylene oxide)s (100). 

Properties. MethylceUulose [9004-67-5] (MC) and its alkylene oxide derivatives hydroxypropylmethylceUulose [9004-65-3] (HPMC), hydroxyethylmethylceUulose [9032-42-2] (HEMC), and hydroxybutyknethylcellulose [9041-56-9] (HBMC) are nonionic, surface-active, water-soluble polymers. Each type of derivative is available in a range of methyl and hydroxyalkyl substitutions. The extent and uniformity of the methyl substitution and the specific type of hydroxyalkyl substituent affect the solubifity, surface activity, thermal gelation, and other properties of the polymers in solution. 

Alkylene Oxides and Their Polymers, F. E. Bailey, Jr., and Joseph V. Koleske... 

It is important to recognize that the following analytical methods essentially determine EO-PO ratio ( H NMR, IR, cleavage methods) or even simply alkylene oxide content (compleximetric methods) of the analyte, and as such are not specific quantitative or qualitative methods for poloxamers, since EO-PO copolymers of a different structure (for instance, random copolymers, or PO-EO-PO block copolymers) may respond to the methods in a way indistinguishable from poloxamers. The principal technique that permits definitive identification of a sample as a poloxamer is C NMR, which allows structural details, such as the distribution of EO and PO units along the polymer chain, to be elucidated [10]. 

Cationic Surfactants Organic Chemistry, edited by James M. Richmond Alkylene Oxides and Their Polymers, F. E. Bailey, Jr, and Joseph V. Koleske Interfacial Phenomena in Petroleum Recovery, edited by Norman R. Morrow Cationic Surfactants Physical Chemistry, edited by Donn N. Rubingh and Paul M. Holland... 

ANALYSIS OF ALKYLENE OXIDE-BASED POLYMERS 17.4.1 Amphiphilic Polyalkylene Oxides... 

The cationic ring-opening polymerization of epichlorohydrin in conjunction with a glycol or water as a modifier produced hydroxyl-terminated epichlorohydrin (HTE) liquid polymers (1-2). Hydroxyl-terminated polyethers of other alkylene oxides (3 4), oxetane and its derivatives (5 6), and copolymers of tetrahydrofuran (7-15) have also been reported. These hydroxyl-terminated polyethers are theoretically difunctional and used as reactive prepolymers. 

Rowell, R.M., Moisuk, R. and Meyer, J.A. (1982). Wood-polymer composites cell wall grafting with alkylene oxides and lumen treatments with methyl methacrylate. Wood Science, 15(2), 90-96. 

Polyethers are prepared by the ring opening polymerization of three, four, five, seven, and higher member cyclic ethers. Polyalkylene oxides from ethylene or propylene oxide and from epichlorohydrin are the most common commercial materials. They seem to be the most reactive alkylene oxides and can be polymerized by cationic, anionic, and coordinated nucleophilic mechanisms. For example, ethylene oxide is polymerized by an alkaline catalyst to generate a living polymer in Figure 1.1. Upon addition of a second alkylene oxide monomer, it is possible to produce a block copolymer (Fig. 1.2). 

Cationic polymerization of alkylene oxides generally produces low molecular weight polymers, although some work [26] seems to indicate that this difficulty can be overcome by the presence of an alcohol (Fig. 1.3). Higher molecular weight polyethylene oxides can be prepared by a coordinated nucleophilic mechanism that employs such catalysts as alkoxides, oxides, carbonates, and carboxylates, or chelates of alkaline earth metals (Fig. 1.4). An aluminum-porphyrin complex is claimed to generate immortal polymers from alkylene oxides that are totally free from termination reaction [27]. 

Polyethers are typically products of base-catalyzed reactions of the oxides of simple alkenes. More often than not, ethylene oxides or propylene oxides and block copolymers of the oxides are used. A polypropylene oxide-based polymer is built and then capped with polyethylene oxides. An interesting aspect of this chemistry is the use of initiators. For instance, if a small amount of a trifunctional alcohol is added to the reactor, the alkylene oxide chains grow from the three alcohol end groups of the initiator. Suitable initiators are trimethylol propane, glycerol or 1,2,6 hexanetriol. The initiator is critical if one is to make a polyether foam for reasons that we will discuss shortly. 

We shall consider in the present review only some typical addition homopolymers, obtained from unsaturated monomers by opening of >C=C< double bonds therefore, we shall exclude those polymers, such as polyglycols, that, even though may be considered addition polymers, being formed from alkylene oxides, can formally be included in condensation polymers. 

Table 5.5 Pluronic grid of poly alkylene oxide block co-polymers...

The lower transition tempera ture of the siloxane-containing LC polymers compared to the polymers with polymethylene and poly(alkylene oxide) spacers can be attri-... 

Non-silicone oUs are nonionic surfactants, which are polymers of castor oil, lanolinic acid and various kinds of alkylene oxide. These products are made by Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku, Ltd. and are sold on the market under the trade names of Resinol F-140 and F-520 (6). Polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, such as the Tween series (Atlas Chemical Industries), can also be used. 

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