Parent chain, alkanes

Aldehydes are named by replacing the terminal -e of the corresponding alkane name with -at. The parent chain must contain the -CHO group, and the -CHO carbon is numbered as carbon 1. For example ... 

This alkane has a single CH3 unit that branches off from the main (parent) chain of the compound. 

Ketones are named by rcpl aci ng the terminal e of the corresponding alkane name with -oae. The parent chain is the longest one that contains the ketone group, and the numbering begins at the end nearer the carbonyl carbon. ... 

Name the parent chain as an alkane, with the halogen as a substituent bonded to the longest chain. 

Each alkane-based substituent group branching from the parent chain is named for the straight-chain alkane having the same number of carbon atoms as the substituent. The ending -ane is replaced with the letters -yl, as shown in the following diagram. 

Count the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain. Use the name of the straight-chain alkane with that number of carbons as the name of the parent chain of the structure. 

Naming branched-chain alkenes When naming branched-chain alkenes, follow the lUPAC rules for naming branched-chain alkanes—with two differences. First, in alkenes the parent chain is always the longest chain that contains the double bond, whether it is the longest chain of carbon atoms or not. Second, the position of the double bond, not the branches, determines how the chain is numbered. Note that there are two 4-carbon chains in the molecule shown below, but only the one with the double bond is used as a basis for naming. This branched-chain alkene is 2-methylbutene. 

The names of hydrocarbons are based on the name of the parent chain. Explain how the determination of the parent chain when naming alkenes differs from the same determination when naming alkanes. (22.3)... 

Some alkanes have a branched structure. In these compounds, a chain of one or more carbons is attached to a carbon in the longest continuous chain, which is called the parent chain. If a chain containing a single carbon is branched off the second carbon of a propane parent chain, a branched alkane with the following structure results. 

Although only two alkane isomers have four carbons, the number of possible isomers increases rapidly as carbon atoms are added to the parent chain. This is because longer chains provide more locations for branches to attach. A methyl branch on a six-carbon parent chain can be attached to either the second or the third carbon from the end of the chain. To make sure that these two compoimds are really isomers, count the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in the structures formed by placing the methyl group at those two positions, and write the molecular formulas. 

Determine the name of the parent compound, the longest continuous carbon chain in the compound. Refer to Tables 11.3 and 11.6 to determine the parent name. Notice that these names are made up of a prefix related to the number of carbons in the chain and the suffix -ane, indicating that the molecule is an alkane (Table 11.6). Write down the name of the parent compoimd, leaving space before the name to identify the substituents. Parent chains are highlighted in yellow in the following examples ... 

Alkenes and alk)mes are named by identif)dng the parent compound and replacing the -ane ending of the alkane with -ene (for an alkene) or -yne (for an alkyne). The parent chain is numbered to give the lowest number to the first of the two carbons involved in the double bond (or triple bond). Finally, all groups are named and numbered. 

In the I.U.P.A.C. Nomenclature System, the parent chain is the longest continuous carbon chain to which the amino group is bonded. The name of the parent alkane is used as the suffix and is preceded by the word amino and a number that designates the position of the amino group on the chain. A few examples follow ... 

Find the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms. This chain (called the parent chain) determines the base alkane name. 

Substituents on the parent chain are treated the same way as in naming alkanes. For example, the molecule CICH=... 

This is a two carbon alkane. A chain of two carbon atoms is given the root eth. The parent names of alkanes are formed by adding the suffix ane to the root name of the longest carbon chain. This compound is called ethane. 

Branched chains and other groups are treated as in naming alkanes. Name the substituent group, and designate its position on the parent chain with a number. 

The lUPAC name of a ketone is derived from the name of the a lkane corresponding to the longest carbon chain that contains the ketone-carbonyl group. The parent name is formed by changing the -e ending of the alkane to -one. If the chain is longer than four carbons, it s numbered so that the carbonyl carbon has the smallest number possible, and this number is prefixed to the name of the ketone. Other groups bonded to the parent chain are named and numbered as previous indicated for hydrocarbons and alcohols. For example,... 

Number the carbon atoms in the parent chain starting with the end closest to the double or triple bond and name the parent chain as you would for an alkane, but change the ending to -ene or -yne. 

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