Alkanes example: alkane

Silanes are very sensitive to attack by alkalis and will even react with water made alkaline by contact with glass this reaction is in marked contrast to the reactions shown by alkanes. Unlike alkanes, silanes are found to have marked reducing properties and will reduce, for example, potassium manganate(VII) to manganeseflV) oxide, and iron(III) to iron(II). 

In contrast, the ultrasonic irradiation of organic Hquids has been less studied. SusHck and co-workers estabHshed that virtually all organic Hquids wiU generate free radicals upon ultrasonic irradiation, as long as the total vapor pressure is low enough to allow effective bubble coUapse (49). The sonolysis of simple hydrocarbons (for example, alkanes) creates the same kinds of products associated with very high temperature pyrolysis (50). Most of these products (H2, CH4, and the smaller 1-alkenes) derive from a weU-understood radical chain mechanism. 

In contrast with alkane chlorination, alkane bromination is usually much more selective. In its reaction with 2-methylpropane, for example, bromine abstracts the tertiary hydrogen with greater than 99% selectivity, as opposed to the 35 65 mixture observed in the corresponding chlorination. 

The answer is, generally, no. Most of the enzymes involved are specific in terms of the reaction they catalyse, but will work with a range of substrates. Some Candida sp for example contain an enzyme system which will convert n-alkanes into alkane dioic adds ... 

One of the likely reasons octanol-water gained such a widespread use is its amphiprotic character, i.e. its abiUty to serve as an H-bond donor and acceptor while, for example, alkane-water systems are inert in that sense, from the point... 

Synthetic organic chemistry applications employing alkane C-H functionalizations are now well established. For example, alkanes can be oxidized to alkyl halides and alcohols by the Shilov system employing electrophilic platinum salts. Much of the Pt(ll)/Pt(rv) alkane activation chemistry discussed earlier has been based on Shilov chemistry. The mechanism has been investigated and is thought to involve the formation of a platinum(ll) alkyl complex, possibly via a (T-complex. The Pt(ll) complex is oxidized to Pt(iv) by electron transfer, and nucleophilic attack on the Pt(iv) intermediate yields the alkyl chloride or alcohol as well as regenerates the Pt(n) catalyst. This process is catalytic in Pt(ll), although a stoichiometric Pt(rv) oxidant is often required (Scheme 6).27,27l 2711... 

Alcohols are named from the parent alkane the alkane with the same basic carbon structure. Follow the steps on the next page to name an alcohol. The Sample Problem that follows gives an example. 

Nonpoint Source Pollution pollution that does not originate from one specific location, such as a sewer pipe, but comes from multiple locations spread over a wide area, for example, runoff from city streets Nonrenewable Resource a resource in fixed supply or one that it is replenished at a rate so slow that it is exhausted before it is replenished, for example, oil Normal Alkane an alkane in which all the carbon atoms in the molecule are attached in a continuous chain... 

Many other unsaturated ligands can insert into M C or M H bonds for example, alkanes as in LnMH + CH2 = CH2 LnM CH2 CH3... 

A mathematical pattern underlies the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in each alkane. All alkanes have the general formula CnH2li+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms. For example, propane has... 

Reaction of a four-carbon unit with sulfur sources such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, and elemental sulfur is one of the traditional thiophene syntheses that belong to this category (Equation 18). A wide variety of hydrocarbons, for example, alkanes, alkenes, dienes, alkynes, and diynes, serve as four-carbon units. Another practical method is the sulfuration of 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds (Paal synthesis). The method has become very popular with development of sulfuration reagents such as Lawesson s reagent. The reaction of a,/3-unsaturated nitriles with elemental sulfur in basic media, Gewald synthesis, is also useful for the preparation of 2-aminothiophenes which are important compounds in dyestuff and pharmaceutical industries. 

Alkane functionalization by electrophilic addition reactions is also possible for example, the particularly stable tertiary adamaniyl cation must be involved in equation (34), a reaction which gives an excellent 75% yield of adduct In a similar way, a variety of alkenes and arenes can be alkylated by alkanes, or alkanes acylated by RCOCl/AlBra. ... 

Hydride complexes have been important precursors in the study of Alkane Activation. For example, alkanes can be catalytically dehydrogenated by ReH7(PR3)2 or [hH2(OH2)2(PR3)2] or (PCP)hH2 thermally or photo-chemically. Cyclooctane is the best snbstrate, presumably because it has the least unfavorable heat of dehydrogenation of all common alkanes (equation 27). 

False. Methane, as a gas, is much easier to obtain in pure form from oil and gas deposits than, of example, -alkanes. 

For example, the names of all alkanes end with the suffix -ane. The simplest alkane is methane, CH4, the main component of natural gas. Table 3 lists the names and formulas for the first 10 straight-chain alkanes. For alkanes that consist of five or more carbon atoms, the prefix comes from a Latin word that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the chain. 

Free alkyl radicals appear not to be intermediates. Thus, primary C-H bonds are at least as reactive (usually much more) than secondary, tertiary, or benzylic C-H bonds, or C-H bonds a to an alcohol functionality. For example, alkane oxidation proceeds much faster than the oxidation of the corresponding alcohol. Even the relatively unselective HO radical shows a significantly higher preference for attack on secondary than on primary C-H bonds. 

Carbon number — The number of carbon atoms present in a single molecule of a given hydrocarbon. The physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons tend to vary with the number of carbon atoms and these properties are frequently described in terms of range of carbon numbers for specific classes of hydrocarbons. For example, alkanes with carbon numbers from 1 to 4 are gaseous at ordinary temperatures and pressures. 

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