Alkanes chloro

Organic compounds Organic fluorine compounds arc made by reaction of the corresponding alkane chloro-compounds with silver fluoride, mercurous fluoride, antimony trifluoride, titanium tetrafluoridc. and the arene fluoro-compounds by the diazo-reaction using hydrogen fluoride, and otherwise. The effect of the continued replacemenl of hydrogen atoms by fluorine atoms is an initial increase in reactivity, followed by a reversal of this effect, so lhal the highly substituted compounds arc relatively inert, See also Fluorocarbon. 

Alkanes, chloro Alkanes, chloro [Chlorinated paraffins] EINECS 263-004-3. 

Alkanes, chlorinated Alkanes, chloro. See Chloro-n-paraffin (C8-22)... 

Substitutive nomenclature of alkyl halides treats the halogen as a halo—(fluoro chloro bromo or lodo ) substituent on an alkane chain The carbon chain is numbered m the direction that gives the substituted carbon the lower number... 

Mechanism The reaction of and A -steroids with nitrosyl fluoride to form ni trimines is best discussed in conjunction with the nitrosyl chloride reaction leading tothe5a-chloro-6 -nitro steroids (33). Since nitroso alkanes are oxidized with nitrosyl chloride to nitro alkanes it is believed that 5a-chloro-6j5-nitro steroids are formed in this way from an initially formed 5a-chloro-6 -nitroso adduct. The same is true for nitrosyl fluoride up to the stage of the nitroso fluoride (56). Since NOF is a weaker oxidizing agent than NOCl the nitroso fluoride tautomerizes to the fluoro oxime (57) at a rate... 

Deep fluorinalion of alkanes, ethers, acid fmlides, esters, alkyl chlorides, most ketones, ketals, orthoesters, and combinations of these functional groups produces principally the perfluonnated analogues (Table 2) Chlorine substituents (or chloro groups) usually survive fluorination... 

Chirality center, 292 detection of, 292-293 Eischer projections and, 975-978 R,S configuration of, 297-300 Chitin, structure of, 1002 Chloral hydrate, structure of, 707 Chloramphenicol, structure of, 304 Chlorine, reaction with alkanes, 91-92,335-338 reaction with alkenes, 215-218 reaction with alkynes, 262-263 reaction with aromatic compounds, 550 Chloro group, directing effect of, 567-568... 

Impurities consist of unreacted material, including alkanes and internal or branched alkenes, and other material which can be detected in the neutral oil fraction of AOS. Examination of this fraction also indicates the amount of unhydrolyzed material (sulfonate esters and sultones) and byproducts (secondary alcohols, unsaturated and 2-chloro-y-sultones) in the sample. Salt calculations are made to determine inorganic sulfates and sodium chloride. Determinations for alkalinity, color, and water are required to meet product... 

The oxidation of methyl fluoride to formaldehyde (Hyman et al. 1994), and of chloro-alkanes at carbon atoms substituted with a single chlorine atom to the corresponding aldehyde (Rasche et al. 1991). 

The chain length, i.e. number of RH —> RC1 conversions per Cl produced by photolysis, is wlO6 for CH4, and the reaction can be explosive in sunlight. Chlorination can also be initiated thermolytically, but considerably elevated temperatures are required to effect Cl2 — 2C1, and the rate of chlorination of C2H6 in the dark at 120° is virtually indetectable. It becomes extremely rapid on the introduction of traces of PbEt4, however, as this decomposes to yield ethyl radicals, Et, at this temperature, and these can act as initiators Et- + Cl—Cl —> Et—Cl + Cl. Chlorination of simple alkanes such as these is seldom useful for the preparation of mono-chloro derivatives, as this first product readily undergoes further attack by the highly reactive chlorine, and complex product mixtures are often obtained. 

As a final example in this section, the mechanistically interesting transformation of a, 3-unsaturated aldehydes containing a chloro or bromo atom in the 3-position into five-membered lactams or lactones is mentioned. In this transformation, which was developed by Riick-Braun and coworkers, an intermediate iron compound is formed by reaction with [C5H5(CO)2Fe]Na, which yields the products either by adding a primary amine and TiCl4 or a metalorganic alkane as RMgX or RLi [483],... 

Stereoselective Alkene Synthesis via 1-Chloro-1-[(dimethyl)-phenylsilyl]-alkanes and a-(Dimethyl)phenylsilyl Ketones. 

Waggott [57] reported that a factor of major concern in adapting the technique to more polluted samples is the capacity of the carbon filter, which usually contains only 1.5-2 mg carbon. He showed that the absolute capacity of such a filter for a homologous series of 1-chloro-n-alkanes was 6 xg for complete recovery. Maximum recovery was dependent on carbon number, being at a maximum between Cs and C12 for the 1-chloro-n-alkane series. It is important, therefore, to balance the amount of sample stripped with the capacity of the carbon filter to obtain better than 90% recoveries. 

The reaction of silylborane with 1-halo-l-lithio-l-alkenes yields 1-boryl-l-silyl-l-alkenes via borate formation followed by 1,2-migration of silyl group (Equation (90)).76,240 The mechanism seems to be closely related to that proposed for the silaboration of isocyanide (Figure 2). Vinyl-substituted carbenoids, l-chloro-l-lithio-2-alkenes, react with silylpinacolborane to give l-boryl-l-silyl-2-alkanes in good yield (Equation (91)).241 This methodology is applied to the synthesis of l-boryl-l-silyl-2-cyclobutene.2 2 Similar reactions are carried out with other carbenoid... 

Under the Existing Substances Regulation, which was passed in 1993, individual member states are allocated substances for which they are responsible for the risk assessment. To date, three priority fists for assessment have been drawn up, which cover just over 100 chemicals. Following the conclusion of four risk assessments, the European Commission has recently issued a recommendation on the results on the risk evaluation and on the risk reduction strategies for the following substances 2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethanol 2-,(-methoxyethoxy) ethanol alkanes, C10-13, chloro and benzene, C 10-13-alkyl derivatives. For two of the substances, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethanol and 2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethanol it is concluded that there is a need for specific measures to limit the risks to workers... 

An alkyl halide (also known as a haloalkane) is an alkane in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced with halogen atoms, such as F, Cl, Br, or I. The functional group of alkyl halides is R—X, where X represents a halogen atom. Alkyl halides are similar in structure, polarity, and reactivity to alcohols. To name an alkyl halide, first name the parent hydrocarbon. Then use the prefix fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, or iodo-, with a position number, to indicate the presence of a fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom, or iodine atom. The following Sample Problem shows how to name an alkyl halide. 

Haloalkanes can be regarded as substituted alkanes in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a halogen atom. They are named in a similar fashion to branched-chain alkanes with the halogen atoms treated like branches. For example, the anaesthetic halothane has the structure shown in the diagram and is called 2-bromo-2-chloro-l,l, 1-trifluoroethane. 

---