Alignment longitudinal

Figure 14.8 Broad patches of smeared metal aligned longitudinally along the internal surface. (Magnification 6.5x.)...

Muscle fibers contain long cylindrical myofibrils (typically 1-2 /xm in diameter) aligned longitudinally and consisting of interpenetrating arrays of thin myofilaments (6-7 nm in diameter) and thick filaments (15-16 nm in diameter). These structures are the contractile apparatus of the fiber (Figure 21-3). 

Pinhole perforations were discovered in the walls of chiller condenser tubes of an air-conditioning system. Close laboratory examination of the internal surfaces of affected tubes revealed distinct patches of small pits (Fig. 12.18) and pit sites aligned along longitudinal mandrel marks and fine scratches (Fig. 12.19). In some locations, transversely oriented pit sites that were aligned with the locations of the fins on the external surface branched off the primary longitudinal pit alignment (Fig. 12.20). 

Figure 12.20 Vertical pit sites aligned with external fins branching from main longitudinal trunk. (Magnification 7.5x.)...

Longitudinal alignment of perforations in a welded tube is a strong indication that a seam may be defective. 

The tubercle apparent on the internal surface in Fig. 14.4 is located directly above a deep, longitudinal groove that runs the length of the internal surface. The tubercle caps a perforation in the tube wall. The tubercle is soft and easily dislodged. Other, smaller tubercles are aligned along the seam. 

Figure 6-33. The coupling hole alignment tool (CHAT) has a longitudinally split sleeve for greater expansion. Like the radial fit bolt, it is hydraulically tensioned, but there is no hydraulic separation of core and sleeve.

El and E2 refer to the longitudinal and transverse moduli for aligned fibre composites of the type shown in (Fig. 3.29). These values can be determined experimentally or using specifically formulated empirical equations. However, if the fibres are relatively long then equation (3.5) and (3.13) may be used. These give results which are sufficiently accurate for most practical purposes. 

Orientation of fibers relative to one another has a significant influence on the strength and other properties of fiber-reinforced composites. With respect to orientation three extremes are possible as shown in Fig. 5. Longitudinally aligned fibrous composites are inherently anisotropic, in that, maximum strength and reinforcement are... 

In polymers one will often particularly be interested in very slow dynamic processes. The solid echo technique just described is still limited by the transverse relaxation time T being of the order of a few ps at most. The ultimate limitation in every NMR experiment however, is not T but the longitudinal relaxation time T, which for 2H in solid polymers typically is much longer, being in the range 10 ms to 10 s. The spin alignment technique (20) circumvents transverse relaxation and is limited by Tx only, thus ultraslow motions become accessible of experiment. 

The BC configuration and the H motion of interest are shown in Fig. 23. The stress-induced-alignment technique described in Sec. II.3 was used by Stavola et al. (1988b) to measure the kinetics of such an H jump. The longitudinal H stretching mode that is used as a probe of the center s orientation lies at 1903 cm-1 at low temperature (Sec. III. 1). 

A related phenomenon occurs if the reactions are carried out at low field outside, but where the samples are transferred immediately thereafter into the spectrometer for subsequent NMR analysis. This variety has been termed ALTADENA (Adiabatic Longitudinal Transport After Dissociation Engenders Net Alignment) [9]. Other authors [7] have since used the acronym PHIP as an alternative for the same phenomenon. 

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