Alignment Basics

A structure-based alignment of multiple templates is more accurate than sequence-based alignments because of the emphasis placed on aligning defined secondary structure regions (a-helices and p-sheets). The structural alignment highlights evolutionarily conserved residues that are part of defined secondary structures, which thus provides a template sequence with additional secondary 

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Altschul S F, W Gish, W Miller, E W Myers and D J Lipman 1990. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. Journal of Molecular Biology 215 403-410. 

SF Altschul, W Gish, W Miller, EW Myers, DJ Lipman. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215 403-410, 1990. 

Basically, the optical method uses equipment such as alignment telescopes, jig transits, and sight levels. Instruments with built-in optical micrometers for measuring displacements from a referenced line of sight enable an accurate determination of target movements, which are mounted on the machine. 

If the Sohre approach is taken in a philosophical light, it clearly indicates the need for a robust design. This is true for the basic equipment as well as the installation of foundations and piping. All of the factors were considered in the approach Sohre presented, even if in some cases, they may have been considered subjective. The key to the robust approach can be simplified as low deflection. On a rotor, the shorter the bearing span and/or the heavier the shaft cross section, the lower the deflection. This tends to increase the reliability aspect. On a foundation, heavier sections tend to have lower deflection, which contributes to the ability to maintain train alignment. Better alignment is one of the factors that contributes to higher reliability. 

Piping is required to bring the gas to the compressor and take it away. If it were not for this somewhat basic need, compressors would do well without it. Piping brings with it pipe strain. If one were to ask the maintenance department why pipes are used, the answer would undoubtedly be that piping was installed to the compressor to destroy the fine alignment just completed by the millwright. 

The basic approaches as summarized by Ashton and Whitney [6-31] will now be discussed. First, a symmetric laminate with orthotropic laminae having principal material directions aligned with the plate axes will be treated. The transverse normal strain can be found from the orthotropic stress-strain relations, Equation (2.15), as... 

Although some manufacturers insist on the use of the reverse indicator method for alignment or, at least, as a final check of the alignment, two basic factors determine which method should be used. The determining factors in method selection are (1) end play and (2) distance versus radius. 

Cytokeratins are members of the intermediate filament class of cytoskeletal proteins. Cytokeratins are a large protein family comprising two subfamilies of polypeptides, i.e. acidic (type I) and basic (type II) ones. Cytokeratin form tetramers, consisting of two type I and two type II polypeptides arranged in pairs of laterally aligned coiled coils. The distribution of the different type I and II cytokeratins in normal epithelia and in carcinomas is differentiation-related and can be used for cell typing and identification. 

The aim of the fust dimension breadth is to reveal sequence-function relationships by comparing protein sequences by sequence similarity. Simple bioinformatic algorithms can be used to compare a pair of related proteins or for sequence similarity searches e.g., BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool). Improved algorithms allow multiple alignments of larger number of proteins and extraction of consensus sequence pattern and sequence profiles or structural templates, which can be related to some functions, see e.g., under http //www. expasy.ch/tools/ similarity. 

Keratins are made of filaments, approximately 10 nm in diameter and hundreds of nanometers in length, via assembly of rod-shaped, coiled-coil proteins. Filament formation is initiated by the creation of a dimer comprising monomeric units 44-54 nm in length. Such dimers may form three types of lateral interactions leading to filament formation from equimolar amounts of acidic and basic dimers. In vitro assembly involves the correct alignment of two, three, or four dimers into a nucleus for further, rapid filament assembly [6]. 

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