Algins isolation

M, and the M content of P. aeruginosa alginate isolated from the sputum of CF patients varies from 50... 

For their characterization, alginates must first be purified and isolated under their sodium form. NMR spectroscopy ( H and C) is the most powerful technique to characterize the chemical composition and the microstructure of alginates [46 9]. Purified alginates, isolated under the sodium salt form, were also characterized by steric exclusion chromatography (SEC)with three detectors on line. For commercial products, molecular weights may range between 32 000 and 400 000. A further means of characterization is their intrinsic viscosity using the Mark-Houwink relation ... 

Lins, K.O.A.L., Vale, M.L., Ribeiro, R.A., Costa-Lotufo, L.V., 2012. Proinflammatory activity of an alginate isolated from Sargassum vulgare. Carbohydr. Polym. 92,414—420. 

Protein isolation with affinity precipitation has been discussed in detail by Mattiasson and co-workers (see, e.g. Galaev and Mattiassion, 1997) and they have provided an exhaustive tabulation. Polymers varied from alginate.s/chitosan to dextran to NIPAM. Examples of the used proteins are from trypsin, p-glucosidase, xylanase, alkaline protease, etc. It is remarkable that affinity precipitation can sometimes give results comparable to affinity chromatography. 

One example for a chemically defended zooplankton species is the Antarctic pteropod Clione antarctica. This shell-less pelagic mollusk offers a potentially rich source of nutrients to planktivorous predators. Nonetheless fish do not prey on this organism, due to its efficient chemical defense. In a bioassay-guided structure elucidation, pteroenone 37 could be isolated and characterized as the main defensive principle of C. antarctica [82,83]. If embedded in alginate, this compound is a feeding-deterrent in nanomolar concentrations. This unusual metabolite is likely to be produced by C. antarctica itself and not accumulated from its food, since its major food sources did not contain any detectable quantities of 37. 

Page 243, line 6. L-Guluronic acid has been isolated from alginic acid.264(d Page 244, line 5 up. Read coenzymes.259W... 

When cells of Pseudomonas sp. OS-K-29 immobilized on calcium alginate were incubated in 80 1 of a synthetic medium containing 0.2 vol.% of racemic 2,3-DCP, optically pure (S)-2,3-DCP of 100% e.e. was obtained. The immobilized cells could be re-used for a series of continuous reactions, a bioreactor being used for 19 reactions over 50 days without any loss of activity (Fig. 3). Optically pure (i )-2,3-DCP (100% e.e.) was also isolated from the racemate by means of stereospecific assimilation by Alcaligenes sp. DS-K-S38. Highly pure (R)- and (S)-EP of 99.5% e.e. were prepared from (S)- and (i )-2,3-DCP by treatment with aqueous NaOH, respectively [20-221 (Fig. 2). 

L-Gulose readily forms an anhydride, and in a study on alginic acid, methylated L-guloses were isolated as their anhydrides.88 Other anhydro sugars, such as 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose and its 2-methyl ether, may be found in algae (see, for example, Ref. 412), and, under certain circumstances, 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-galactose may form an anhydride.571... 

The so-called UCLA bioartificial liver involves the direct hemoperfusion of microencapsulated porcine hepatocytes in an extracorporeal chamber (Eigure 7.3). Since it permits perfusion with whole blood, it has an advantage over the hollow fiber technique that has to be perfused with plasma. The hepatocytes are isolated from pig livers and microencapsulated in an alginate-polylysine membrane. Microencapsulated hepatocytes are approximately 300 to 700 pm in diameter. 

Di-D-galacturonic acids and higher homologues, isolated from enzymic or acid hydrolyzates of pectin, have been studied by many laboratories. Oligogalacturonic acids ( oligosaccharins ) have a variety of regulatory effects in plants.188 A di-D-mannuronic acid was prepared from alginic acid.189... 

A. Linker and R. S. Jones, A new polysaccharide resembling alginic acid isolated from Pseudomonas, J. Biol. Chem., 241 (1966) 3845-3851. 

Proof of the structure of the uronic acid was obtained by Hirst, Jones and Jones,46 who isolated the methyl glycoside methyl ester by methyla-tion of the products from the graded methanolysis of alginic acid. The tri-O-methyl-D-mannuronic acid was converted to the diamide of 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-mannaric acid, which had previously been prepared from... 

---