Alexandrium catenella

Krock, B., Seguel, C.G., and Cembella, A.D. Toxin profile of Alexandrium catenella from the Chilean coast as determined by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Harm. 

Carlsson, P., Edling, H., and Bechemin, C. (1998). Interactions between a marine dinoflageUate Alexandrium catenella) and a bacterial community utilizing riverine humic substances. Aquat. Microh. Ecol. 16, 65-80. 

CoUos, Y., Gagne, C., Laabir, M., Vaquer, A., Cecchi, P., and Souchu, P. (2004). Nitrogenous nutrition of Alexandrium catenella (Dinophyceae) in cultures and in Thau lagoon, southern France. J. Phycol. 40, 96-103. 

When considering release under N-limited conditions it is important to remember that the commonly measured DON release rates are net rates such that reincorporation of recently released DON would result in an underestimate of the true DON release rate. Many phytoplankters can use organic N to fulfill their nutritional requirements such that reincorporation is ftkely, particularly under N-limiting conditions (reviewed in Bronk et al., 2007). An example of this was seen in a culture study with Alexandrium catenella where DON release was observed early in the... 

Matsuda, A., Nishijima, T. and Fukami, K. (1999) Effects of nitrogenous and phosphorus nutrients on the growth of toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 65, 847-855. 

The mouse bioassay (MBA) was developed 70 years ago by Sommer and Meyer as part of their pioneering work that related the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella (Gonyaulax) as a causative agent of PSP (see Wekell et al ). At the time, the identity of the paralyzing toxic compounds was not known and the MBA remained for several years as a field test to help health officials manage toxic outbreaks in Alaska and British Columbia.Only after a purified saxitoxin dihydrochloride was made available in 1950 was it possible to calibrate the assay, and the AOAC accepted the new version of the MBA as an official method. Reasons for the sustained application of the MBA lie in its simplicity of application, relatively low cost, and availability of test protocols to calibrate mice strains to compare operator performance and to perform repeatability and reproducibility studies (National Shellfish Sanitation Program, USA ). 

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