Nitriles aldehydes

Just as most other aldehydes do, furfural condenses with compounds possessing active methylene groups such as aUphatic carboxyUc esters and anhydrides, ketones, aldehydes, nitriles, and nitroparaffins. 

Carboxyl-related and acyl substituents. Included here are cyano, protonated amidinium ion, thionoacyl, acyl (Ar—CO, H—CO, Alkyl—CO), carboxamido, carboaryloxy, carboalkoxy, carboxy (unionized), amidino (unionized), and carboxylate anion, listed approximately in order of decreasing electron attraction or activation. The relative activation by some of these groups (e.g., ketone, aldehyde, nitrile) will change upon reversible interaction with the nucleophile, which will vary with the group and with the nucleophile (e.g., MeO , N3, NCS ). Irreversible interaction will be obvious when the reaction products in kinetic studies are characterized. 

Mitch WA, Schreiber IM (2008) Degradation of tertiary alkylamines during chlorination/ chloramination implications for formation of aldehydes, nitriles, halonitroalkanes, and nitrosamines. Environ Sci Technol 42 4811-4817... 

In addition, arylthiophene 70 was obtained by a one-pot Suzuki coupling of p-methoxyiodobenzene and 3-bromothiophene via an in situ boronate formation using one equivalent of the thermally stable diborane 69 [55], This method avoids the isolation of boronic acids and is advantageous when base-sensitive groups such as aldehyde, nitriles and esters are present. However, the cross-coupling yields are low when both aryl halides are electron-poor because of competitive homocoupling during the reaction. 

Moreover, the theories of the authors do not account for certain important features of their results that when the ratio [additive]/[AlCl3] is small, both the DP and the conductivity increase with increasing concentration of additive (alcohol, aldehyde, nitrile) and that with butyraldehyde the rate is markedly lower near the equivalence point where the DP is at a maximum, whereas in the alkyl halide-ethane mixtures both the rate and the DP went through a maximum at the same point. In our opinion the major part of these interesting results can be explained in the following terms, which coincide in part with the explanations given by the authors, but differ from theirs in two important respects. 

Aldehydes, Nitriles and Chlorides as shown by their Dipole Moments in the Vapor State. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 65, 89 (1943). 

Recent interest toward aminochromene synthesis is connected with attempts to design some new green synthetic procedures. As a rule, these syntheses are conducted by three-component method from the corresponding aldehydes, nitriles, and phenols. Aminochromenes have been obtained on refluxing in aqueous media in the presence of the quaternary ammonium salts trimethylcetylammonium chloride (01T1395) and... 

NEWS neutral, water-soluble, low-molecular-weight compounds concentrated by azeotropic distillation then isolated by a heated purge and trap procedure (alcohols, aldehydes, nitriles, etc.). 

The catalytic cysteine-215 of PTP-1B is highly reactive toward oxidation and electrophiles and as such it is a tempting target for fragment discovery. Ockey and Gadek assembled a set of 19 reversible electrophiles, such as aldehydes, nitriles and boronic acids.1271 They then used electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to look for one-to-one complexes and three of the compounds were found to form covalent complexes. The dissociation constants ranged from 25 to 150 p,M and one of the compounds was also able to inhibit PTP-1B with an IC50 of 60 xM. 

EWG electron-withdrawing group, such as ketone, ester, aldehyde, nitrile, sulfone, nitro group etc. 

Beside classical Zr P bond cleavage with the release of the corresponding phosphane, ketones, aldehydes, nitriles, isonitriles, and epoxides have been inserted into the Zr-P bonds of fom- or five-membered phosphazirconacycles leading to ring expansion. For example, the equation (7) shows the insertion of acetonitrile in a triphosphanato complex affording an unsymmetrical six-membered ring complex. ... 

Ketone synthesis. Ketones can be obtained in notably high yield by the reaction of acid chlorides with organotin compounds in the presence of this palladium(II) complex (equation I). The reaction is faster in HMPT, but THF can be used. The naction is compatible with many functional groups aldehyde, nitrile, nitro,... 

Substitution of halogen by hydrogen in aryl halides can take place without, or with only partial, reduction of carbon-carbon double bonds, aldehydes, nitriles, and even readily reducible nitro groups - present in the molecule (equations 29-32). 

LiAlH4 is a versatile reducing agent for many organic compounds, such as ketones, aldehydes, nitriles, and nitro compounds. This ion also has many applications in inorganic synthesis. Examples of the inorganic conversions effected by LiAlH4 include... 

Alkylation of Ketones, Aldehydes, Nitriles, and Carboxylic Esters a-Acylalkyl-de-halogenation, and so on... 

The Michael-type addition, a nucleophilic addition of an anion to the carbon-carbon double bond of an a,(3-unsaturated ketone, aldehyde, nitrile, nitro, sulphonyl, or carboxylic acid derivative, provides a powerful tool for carbon-carbon bond formation. The reaction is most successful with relatively nonbasic ( soft ) nucleophiles such as thiols, cyanide, primary and secondary amines, and P-dicarbonyl compounds. There is often a competition between direct attack on the carbonyl carbon (1,2-addition) and conjugate addition (1,4-addition) when the substrate is an a,(3-unsaturated carbonyl compound. 

Aldehyde, nitrile, and halogenated groups exhibit positive group contributions (of about the same order of magnitude as the methylene group). 

Hydrogenation of olefins, aldehydes, nitriles, atomatic amines, CO. CO (Fischer-Tropsch)... 

Functional group priorities carboxylic acid > acid chloride > aldehyde > nitrile > ketone > alcohol > amine > halide... 

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