Alcohols, Phenols, and their Derivatives

Alcohols and phenols are generally named by the substitutive method although Chem. Abstr. applies conjunctive nomenclature whenever possible, i.e. for chain alcohols with ring substituent groups 

Radicofunctional nomenclature is no longer used except for simple aliphatic and alicyclic alcohols, e.g. methyl, pentyl, cyclohexyl alcohol, etc., and could be dispensed with here too. 

Substituent groups derived from alcohols are characterized by the ending. ..yloxy. 

The following abbreviated forms are retained methoxy, ethoxy, iso-propoxy, (iso-, sec-, tert-)butoxy, phenoxy. Divalent groups of that kind (-0-(CH2) -0-) are designated as methylene-, ethylene-, trimethylene-dioxy, etc. groups. Groups such as -0-C0-0-, -O-SO2-O-, etc. are named carbonyldioxy, sulfonyldioxy etc. (see Section 2.2.6.2). 

Salts of alcohols and phenols whose names end with... ol can generally be designated as. ..olates. 

3 REACTIONS WITH OXYGEN COMPOUNDS 10.3.1 Alcohols, phenols and their derivatives 

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Acetates Benzoates Cinnamate Salicylates Alcohols Phenols and their derivatives Heterocycles... 

Biocides can be subdivided according to their chemical structure into seven main types inorganic compounds hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and nitrocompounds alcohols, phenols and their derivatives aldehydes, ketones, organic acids and their derivatives amines, amine salts and quaternary ammonium compositions metal-organic compositions heterocyclic compounds. The characteristics of the most useful biocides are shown in Table 4. 

COMPARISON OF RETENTION TIMES OF SOME HIGHER ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND THEIR DMS AND TMS DERIVATIVES [94]... 

TABLE 8.7. Some Rearrangement Reactions of Alcohols, Enols, Phenols, and Their Derivatives... 

It is well known that increasing temperature leads to an increase in the rate of chemical reactions. In the case of the corrosion of aluminium, this applies to inorganic acids and bases (see Chapters E.4 and E.5), and also to certain organic media such as alcohols, phenols and chlorinated derivatives, especially when the temperature approaches their boiling point. However, in pure, distilled or poorly mineralised water, an increase in temperature will modify the form of corrosion because the natural oxide film can react with water to form a protective boehmite coating (see Section B.5.1). The corrosion resistance of aluminium in water depends on the temperature (see Section D.1.7). 

Hydrogens on carbon next to a carbonyl group are acidic. In general, a /3-dicarbonyl compound is most acidic, a ketone or aldehyde is next most acidic, and a carboxylic acid derivative is least acidic. Remember that alcohols, phenols, and carboxylic acids are also acidic because of their -OH hydrogens. 

Fig. 9.8 presents another, more complex type of phosphate prodrugs, namely (phosphoryloxy)methyl carbonates and carbamates (9-26, X = O or NH, resp.) [84], Here, the [(phosphoryloxy)methyl]carbonyl carrier appears quite versatile and of potential interest to prepare prodrugs of alcohols, phenols, and amines. The cascade of reactions leading from prodrug to drug as shown in Fig. 9.8 involves three steps, namely ester hydrolysis, release of formaldehyde, and a final step of carbonate hydrolysis (X = O) or A-decar-boxylation (X = NH). Three model compounds, a secondary alcohol, a primary aliphatic amine, and a primary aromatic amine, were derivatized with the carrier moiety and examined for their rates of breakdown [84], The alcohol, indan-2-ol, yielded a carrier-linked derivative that proved relatively... 

REDUCTION OF ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS AND THEIR SUBSTITUTION DERIVATIVES... 

The second type of data is derived from biochemical experiments related to the three cinnamyl alcohols—/>-coumaryl alcohol (I), coniferyl alcohol (II), and sinapyl alcohol (III) and their phenolic glucosides— >-glucocoumaryl alcohol (IV), coniferin (V), and syringin (VI). These and the following formulas do not differentiate between cis and trans isomers. 

TABLE 12.4 Voltammetric Oxidation Potentials and Peak Currents (pA/mM) of Alkoxy-Substituted Benzenes, Phenols, and Benzyl Alcohols, and Their Derivatives in MeCN (0.1 M TEAP) at a Glassy-Carbon Electrode... 

Fem complexes were reported as effective photocatalysts for oxidation of many different organic pollutants, eg alcohols and their derivatives [20,29] organic acids, such as formic [50,53,56], oxalic [37], citric [57], and maleic [58] EDTA [11,20-23], phenol and its derivatives [35, 36, 45,59,60], other aromatic pollutants [38,43,51, 61-64], non-biodegradable azo dyes [40, 41, 48, 55, 59, 65], herbicides [54, 66-70], pesticides [32, 46, 71, 72], insecticides [44], pharmaceuticals and wastewater from medical laboratories [39,47,73], chlorinated solvents [33,74], municipal wastewater [75], and many others [20], The photo-Fenton process was explored as photochemical pre-treatment to improve its biodegradability, especially of biorecalcitrant wastewater from the textile industry [76, 77] the method was also proposed for water disinfection [78,79],... 

STEROLS Phytosterols are mostly associated with unrefined vegetable oils and exist as derivatives of phenolic acids (e.g., ferulic acid). Several studies are available on antioxidant activity of sterols and their derivatives from sources such as corn fiber, oats, and rice. These compounds can be obtained from the unsa-ponifiable fraction that is removed during vegetable oil refining. Triterpene alcohols and hydrocarbons (131), or sterols (Figure 20) from oats (132, 133), rice (134, 135),... 

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