Alcohols IUPAC system

Simple alcohols are named by the IUPAC system as derivatives of the parent alkane, using the suffix -ol. 

Exercise 15-15 How can D-glucose, D-fructose, and D-ribose be considered products of the addition of an alcohol to the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or ketone Name each of the carbonyl compounds by the IUPAC system. For the ribose carbonyl structure, determine the configuration at each chiral center, using the D,L system. 

You can use both the common and IUPAC systems to name alcohols. In the common system, you name an alcohol by listing the alkyl group and adding the word alcohol. Following are some examples of alcohols and their common names ... 

In the IUPAC system, use the following series of rules to name alcohols ... 

In the IUPAC system of nomenclature, the suffix for alcohols is -ol. Alcohols are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on whether one, two, or three organic groups are attached to the hydroxyl-bearing carbon. The nomenclature of alcohols and phenols is summarized in Secs. 7.1-7.3. 

Alcohols are compounds that contain a hydroxy group (—OH). Common names for simple alcohols use the name of the alkyl group followed by alcohol, such as ethyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol. In the IUPAC system, alcohols are given the name of the hydrocarbon from which they are derived, with the suffix -ol replacing the final e of the name. The longest chain that contains the carbon bonded to the hydroxy group is chosen as the root and numbered so that this carbon has the lowest possible number. 

The IUPAC system provides unique names for alcohols, based on rules that are similar to those for other classes of compounds. In general, the name carries the -ol suffix, together with a number to give the location of the hydroxyl group. The formal rules are summarized in the following three steps ... 

The common name of an alcohol is derived from the common name of the alkyl group and the word alcohol. This system pictures an alcohol as a molecule of water with an alkyl group replacing one of the hydrogen atoms. If the structure is complex, the common nomenclature becomes awkward, and the IUPAC nomenclature should be used. 

The following procedure should be followed to name alcohols according to the IUPAC system. 

Alcohols containing two hydroxyl groups are commonly called gylcols. In IUPAC substitutive system they are named as diols. 

Aldehydes, acids, and esters have roots for one and two carbons that are usually form- and acet-, rather than meth- and eth-, because these prefixes had been used so long they were grandfathered into the naming system (formaldehyde and acetic acid, rather than methanal and ethanoic acid). Departures from IUPAC nomenclature often occur for very common substances and, fortunately, they rarely can be misunderstood (ethyl alcohol instead of ethanol). 

The chemistry of essential oils is organic and vast. To avoid confusion a formal system was developed the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) system. This names compounds based on the arrangement of the component atoms into functional groups, e.g. alcohols contain -OH. 

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