Alcohols antagonistic effect

Hasenfratz, M., Bunge, A., Dal-Pra, G., Battig, K., Antagonistic effects of caffeine and alcohol on mental performance parameters. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 46(2), 463-465, 1993. 

The NMDA antagonist effects of ibogaine are significant in light of the fact that MK-801 also reduces tolerance to opiates and alcohol, and reverses tolerance to stimulants (Trujillo and Akil 1991 Khanna et al. 1993 Karler et al. 1989). 

It is a pure antagonist and chemically related to naloxone. It is more potent than naloxone and because of its longer duration of action, it can be used as maintenance drug for morphine addicts. It has no euphoric effect and no physical dependence liability. It is effective orally. It is also claimed to be beneficial in decreasing craving for alcohol in alcoholics. Side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances and muscular pain. 

F Although it is intuitive that caffeine and alcohol are antagonists, research shows that caffeine does little to alter alcohol s effects on the CNS. 

Serra S, Brunetti G, Pani M, Vacca G, Carai MA, Gessa GL, Colombo G. Blockade by the cannabinoid CBl receptor antagonist, SR 141716, of alcohol deprivation effect in alcohol-preferring rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 443, 95-97 (2002). 

Not fully understood. Caffeine is a CNS stimulant, which seems to oppose some of the CNS depressant effects of alcohol. It appears that only those objective tests able to detect an enhancement due to a CNS stimulant show the clearest antagonistic effects. ... 

Marczinski CA, Fillmore MT. Dissociative antagonistic effects of caffeine on alcohol-induced impairment of behavioral control. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol (2003) 11, 228-36. 

Mixtures of surfactants exhibit different levels of synergism depending on the charge and molecular structure of the individual surfactant components [7]. When ionic and nonionic surfactants are mixed, the properties of the two surfactants are maintained. In mixtures of cationic and nonionic surfactants, in general, no synergistic or antagonistic effect is observed. In mixtures of anionic surfactants and some nonionic surfactants such as alcohol ethoxylates, however, some synergistic effect is observed. In contrast to mixtures of ionic and nonionic surfactants, mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants have properties that are drastically different from their ionic surfactant components. These differences will be discussed in detail below. 

Clonidine may potentiate the effects of alcohol, sedatives and CNS depressants (102 ). High doses of clonidine combined with high doses of propranolol were in several cases associated with the development of nightmares, delusion and marked drowsiness (8 ). The combination of clonidine with the 3-adrenergic blocker Sotalol gave rise to an antagonistic effect, comprising a marked rise of blood pressure in 3 out of 6 cases so treated (103 ). 

Findings from animal studies suggest that neuropeptide Y (NPY) may be associated with ethanol consumption. NPY-deficient mice have increased alcohol consumption (Thiele et al. 1998), an effect that is mediated by the Y1 and Y2 receptors (Pandey et al. 2003 Thiele et al. 2000, 2002). It has been suggested that NPY Y1 agonists and Y2 antagonists may have promise in the treatment of alcoholism (Cowen et al. 2004). 

Opioidergic agents. Naltrexone and nalmefene, opioid antagonists with no intrinsic agonist properties, have been studied for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Naltrexone has been studied much more extensively than nalmefene for this indication. In 1984 naltrexone was approved by the FDA for the treatment of opioid dependence, and in 1994 it was approved for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Nalmefene is approved in the United States as a parenteral formulation for the acute reversal of opioid effects (e.g., after opioid overdose or analgesia). 

The benzodiazepines currently available for clinical use vary substantially in pharmacokinetics, acute euphoriant effects, and frequency of reported dependence. It is likely, therefore, than not all benzodiazepines have the same potential for abuse. Diazepam, lorazepam, and alprazolam may have greater abuse potential than chlordiazepoxide and clorazepate (Wolf et al. 1990). Similarly, oxazepam has been reported to produce low levels of abuse (Eliding 1978). Jaffe et al. (1983) found that in recently detoxified alcoholic patients, halazepam produces minimal euphoria even at a supratherapeutic dosage. The development of partial agonist and mixed agonist/antagonist compounds at the benzodiazepine receptor complex may offer an advantage over approved benzodiazepines for use in alcoholic patients. 

Williams H, Oyefeso A, Ghodse AH Benzodiazepine misuse and dependence among opiate addicts in treatment. It J Psychol Med 13 62-64, 1996 Wiseman SM, Spencer-Peet J Prescribing for alcoholics a survey of drugs taken prior to admission to an alcoholism unit. Practitioner 229 88—89, 1985 Wolf B, Grohmann R, Biber D, et al Benzodiazepine abuse and dependence in psychiatric inpatients. Pharmacopsychiatry 22 54—60, 1989 Wood MR, Kim JJ, Han W, et al Benzodiazepines as potent and selective bradykinin B1 antagonists. J Med Chem 46 1803—1806, 2003 Zawertailo LA, Busto UE, Kaplan HL, et al Comparative abuse liability and pharmacological effects of meprobamate, triazolam, and butabarbital. J Clin Psycho-pharmacol 23 269-280, 2003... 

Rohsenow DJ, Monti PM, Colby SM, et al Naltrexone treatment for alcoholics effect on cigarette smoking rates. Nicotine Tob Res 5 231-236, 2003 Rose JE, Levin ED Concurrent agonist-antagonist administration for the analysis and treatment of drug dependence. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 41 219—226, 1991 Rose JE, Behm FM, Westman EC, et al Mecamylamine combined with nicotine skin patch facilitates smoking cessation beyond nicontine patch treatment alone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 56 86-99, 1994... 

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