Alcohol sleep loss with

Approximately one third of HIV+ patients in the United States who experience sleep loss seek medical assistance for it. Of these, 25% of patients use an over-the-counter treatment for insomnia, 27% use alcohol to help them sleep, and 15% use a hypnotic medication, with 61% of these patients using them on a chronic basis, for a period greater than 1 year. At present the most popularly prescribed hypnotic is temazepam. This drug is recommended only for short-term (1 week) use, with tolerance and decreased effectiveness associated with chronic use, and rebound insomnia following termination of administration. 

Residents also report negative effects of sleep loss on their physical health. In one study of house officers in Scotland (71), both the number of hours worked and the number of hours slept while on call were associated with the number of somatic symptoms they reported experiencing over the previous year. In a recent resident survey study (72), sleep loss was associated with self-reported increased stress, accidents, and injuries, and alcohol and stimulant use sleep loss was correlated with stress and illness and injury levels, and with reported significant weight change and alcohol and medication use in a dose-dependent fashion. 

The energetical state is also influenced by environmental factors that are either external (e.g., noise, light, vibration, ete.), or internal (e.g., sleep loss, drugs, alcohol, etc.). As with the autonomie processes, we are not able to influenee the effeets of these factors voluntarily, although we can attempt to modulate them, for example, by closing the curtains or drinking coffee. 

Reportedly, there are no physical symptoms of khat withdrawal of the type associated with other stimulants such as alcohol, morphine, or the barbiturates. Abandoning the habit, however, is frequently followed by depression, loss of energy, and an increased desire to sleep. The severity of depression varies and may lead to agitation and sometimes sleep disturbances. For the most part, former users are less prone to constipation and smoke less. If they consume alcohol, they usually drink less, and their appetite increases. 

All the barbiturates possess the properties of CNS depressants. Thus, in moderate doses they produce a drunken euphoric state. Similar to alcohol, barbiturates may produce a loss of motor coordination, a staggering gait, and slurred speech. Loss of emotional control and behavioral disinhibition arc also characteristic cfTccts. Sedation and sleep are produced by increased doses, and higher doses produce surgical anesthesia. Physiological effects include respiratory depression, which is responsible for most of the overdose deaths associated with barbiturates. In addition some depression of heart rate, blood pressure, and gastrointestinal activity is noted at higher doses. 

Other conditions for which the drug was often prescribed were loss of appetite, inability to sleep, migraine headache, pain, involuntary twitching, excessive coughing, and treatment of withdrawal symptoms associated with morphine and alcohol addiction. 

With Klonopin (clonazepam), the most common side effects are difficulty with balance and drowsiness PDR, 2(XX)). Social workers need to be aware that there may be behavioral and emotional side effects that include irritability, excitement, increased anger and aggression, trouble sleeping or nightmares, and memory loss (Dulcan, 1999). These side effects can be very disturbing to the client as well as to family members, and it is critical that families be educated about the problems that can occur and how to handle them. The most serious side effect with Klonopin is probably the interaction if this medication is combined with alcohol or other drugs, which can result in sleepiness, unconsciousness, and death PDR, 2000). 

Hiccup is a forceful, involuntary inspiration commonly experienced by fetuses, children, and adults. Its purpose is unknown, and its pathophysiology still poorly understood. Short hiccup bouts are mostly associated with gastric distention or alcohol intake. They resolve spontaneously or with simple folk remedies and do not require medical attention. In contrast, prolonged hiccup is a rare but disabling condition that can induce depression, weight loss, and sleep deprivation. A wide variety of pathological conditions can cause chronic hiccup myocardial infarction, brain tumor, renal failure, prostate cancer, and abdominal surgery are only a few of these conditions. 

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