Alcohol MDMA, ecstasy

Schifano F, Di Furia L, Forza G, Minicuci N and Bricolo R (1998). MDMA ( ecstasy ) consumption in the context of polydrug abuse A report on 150 patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 52, 85-90. 

The consumption of more than one drug over a small window of time and mixing two or more drugs together for a blending of effects is characteristic of club-drug use. As discussed above, ketamine is often mixed with alcohol, GHB, MDMA (ecstasy), rohypnol, and methamphetamine. Some 37% of reported ketamine combination episodes are linked with ecstasy. 

Vuori E, Henry JA, Ojanpera I, Nieminen R, Savolainen T, Wahlsten P, Jantti M. Death following ingestion of MDMA (ecstasy) and moclobemide. Addiction. Soc Study Addiction Alcohol Other Drugs 2003 98 365-8. 

Boot B, McGregor IS and HaU WA (2000). MDMA ("Ecstasy") neurotoxicity assessing and communicating the risks. Lancet 355,1818-1821. Butler GKL and Montgomerg AMJ (2004). Impulsivity risk taking and recreational ecstasy (MDMA) use. Drug and Alcohol Dependency 76, 55-62. 

Davis, W. A., H. T. Hatoum, and L. W. Waters. 1987. Toxicity of MDA (3,4-methylenedioxy-amphetamine, considered for relevance to hazards of MDMA (Ecstasy) abuse. Alcohol DrugRes. 7 123—134. 

Miotto K, Darakjian J, Basch J, et al Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid patterns of use, effects and withdrawal. Am J Addict 10 232-241, 2001 Moncini M, Masini E, Gambassi F, et al Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and alcohol-related syndromes. Alcohol 20 285-291, 2000 Morgan MJ Memory deficits associated with recreational use of ecstasy (MDMA). 

Users also have specific trends regarding how and with what they consume Ecstasy. Though generally taken orally in pill form, Boston users in their late teens and early twenties sometimes inject MDMA and ketamine intramuscularly, and Sioux Falls users increasingly crush and snort it. Ecstasy is also frequently taken in combination with or sequentially with alcohol, marijuana, or both. Other drugs are also taken with MDMA (LSD, GHB, ketamine, prescription pills, heroin, cough syrup, camphor/menthol inhalants, Viagra , and nitrous oxide). 

An 18-year-old woman took an unknown quantity of ecstasy and the next day became confused and had seizures, loss of consciousness, and respiratory arrest. At autopsy, no cause of death was found. There were no specific findings on histology except visceral hyperemia. MDMA, moclobemide, and some alcohol were found in the blood. There was no history of mental illness or evidence of prescription drugs. 

Death Ecstasy-related deaths in Australia between 1 July 2000 and 30 June 2005 have been reviewed [27. The cases were identified using the National Coroners Information System (NCIS). There were 82 deaths. The median age was 26 (range 17-58) years, 83% were men, and almost three-quarters were employed. Of the 67 cases in which MDMA was the direct or antecedent cause of death, it was due to drug toxicity in 91%. Ecstasy alone was implicated in 25% of these cases and combined drugs in 66%. The most common drugs combined with MDMA were opioids (54%), metamfetamine (42%), benzodiazepines (23%), and alcohol (21%). In 10%, cardiovascular complications or diseases arising from, or complicated by, use of MDMA was a direct cause of death. Injury was a direct cause in 9% of the cases. In 7% of cases cerebrovascular complications were... 

Parrott AC. MDMA and temperature a review of the thermal effects of "ecstasy" in htrmans. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012 121 1-9. 

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