Air-monitoring sample

Separation of Plutonium from Air-monitoring Samples. Plutonium-238 2 6 yPu and 21+0Pu have been introduced into environment because of the experiments of nuclear explosion in air and of some accidents of the artificial satellites. Analysis of the plutonium is needed to elucidate the distribution of the plutonium in air and the rate of descent to the surface. For this purpose analytical procedures have been developed and utilized for routine measurements of the air-borne plutonium (18). 

Figure 3. Analytical procedures of 239Pu in an air-monitoring sample...

This book covers major environmental and training regulations, chemical properties tit hazardous materials, toxicology, engineering controls, respiratory protection, personal protective equipment drum management, air monitoring, sampling, and decontamination. 

The Stack Air Monitor samples air from the exhaust stack and counts it for both (a) and tbi activity. A (cl in the control room displays activity in units of pci/ml. The air returns to the id). ... 

A. Berlin, R. H. Brown, and K. J. Saunders, eds.. Diffusive Sampling An Alternative Approach to Workplace Air Monitoring Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 1987. 

A widely used instmment for air monitoring is a type of ionization chamber called a Kaimn chamber. Surface contamination is normally detected by means of smears, which are simply disks of filter paper wiped over the suspected surface and counted in a windowless proportional-flow counter. Uptake of tritium by personnel is most effectively monitored by urinalyses normally made by Hquid scintillation counting on a routine or special basis. Environmental monitoring includes surveillance for tritium content of samples of air, rainwater, river water, and milk. 

Figure 15-1 shows the Los Angeles, California, basin stationary air monitoring network, one of the most extensive in the United States (6). At most of these locations, automated instruments collect air quality data continuously. Five pollutant gases are monitored, and particulate matter filter samples are collected periodically. 

Frequeney and types of air monitoring, personnel monitoring, environmental sampling teehniques, and instrumentation, along with methods for maintenanee and ealibration of equipment ... 

Air monitoring The process of continuous sampling and measuring of the quantity of pollutants present in indoor or outdoor air. 

Procuring equipment protective ensembles, air monitoring devices, sampling equipment, decontamination apparatus, and supplies (disposables, tape, notebook, and so on)... 

Kring EV, Damrell DJ, Henry TJ, et al. 1984. Laboratory validation and field verification of a new passive colorimetric air monitoring badge for sampling hydrogen sulfide in air. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 45 1-9. 

Colorimetric sampling tubes will be available for ambient air monitoring. 

Disulfoton was detected at maximum and mean concentrations of 4.7 and 0.1 ng/m3 in only I of 123 ambient air samples collected from 10 locations in the United States in 1980 (Carey and Kutz 1985 Kutz 1983 Kutz and Carey 1986). No other air monitoring data were located. 

In 1978, the emission of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) from an aluminum plant In the vicinity of Sundsvall, Sweden, was estimated to be about four times the total amount emitted from all the motor vehicles In that country. As might be expected, the result of this estimate caused considerable concern, and a survey of the air quality In the Sundsvall area was made In 1980-81. The program monitored concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and fluoride In ambient air, with samples being collected once each week. Concentrations of fluoride and meteorological data were measured by the aluminum company laboratory, while PAH concentrations were determined by the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU). 

Monitoring data have not shown cresols to be widely occurring atmospheric pollutants. The National Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Database, a compilation of published and unpublished air monitoring data from 1970 to 1987, contained very little information on the cresols (Shah and Heyerdahl 1989). The database contained only information for o-cresol in source-dominated atmospheres (air surrounding a facility or known release of the chemical in question). The median air concentration of o-cresol at source-dominated sites is 0.359 ppb for 32 samples (Shah and Heyerdahl 1989). 

With analytical methods such as x-ray fluorescence (XRF), proton-induced x-ray emission (PIXE), and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), many metals can be simultaneously analyzed without destroying the sample matrix. Of these, XRF and PEXE have good sensitivity and are frequently used to analyze nickel in environmental samples containing low levels of nickel such as rain, snow, and air (Hansson et al. 1988 Landsberger et al. 1983 Schroeder et al. 1987 Wiersema et al. 1984). The Texas Air Control Board, which uses XRF in its network of air monitors, reported a mean minimum detectable value of 6 ng nickel/m (Wiersema et al. 1984). A detection limit of 30 ng/L was obtained using PIXE with a nonselective preconcentration step (Hansson et al. 1988). In these techniques, the sample (e.g., air particulates collected on a filter) is irradiated with a source of x-ray photons or protons. The excited atoms emit their own characteristic energy spectrum, which is detected with an x-ray detector and multichannel analyzer. INAA and neutron activation analysis (NAA) with prior nickel separation and concentration have poor sensitivity and are rarely used (Schroeder et al. 1987 Stoeppler 1984). 

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