Agrochemicals formulation

QUALITY CONTROL OF AGROCHEMICAL FORMULATIONS BY DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE NEAR INFRARED SPECTROMETRY... 

A critical study has been carried out in order to evaluate the capabilities of Near Infrared spectroscopy for the analysis of commercial pesticide formulations using transmittance measurements. In this sense, it has been evaluated the determination of active ingredients in agrochemical formulations after extraction with an appropriate solvent. 

Bolognesi C, Bonatti S, Began P, et al. 1994. Genotoxicity of some pesticides used in floriculture comparative evaluation of active ingredients and agrochemical formulations. Carcinogenesis 35 144. 

Surfactants are often used in agrochemical formulations as adjuvants, e.g. as wetting agents to improve the physico-chemical characteristics of the solution and to increase the uptake of active ingredients (e.g. pesticides) [6-8]. The surfactants can be included in pesticide products and/or added to the tank mix prior to use however, they rarely exceed 1% of the total applied spray. Examples of typical surfactants used in agrochemical formulations are shown in Table 2.8.3 [9]. 

The use of organosilicone surfactants in agrochemical formulations has become increasingly widespread [13]. These products are known to enhance spray coverage and in many cases increase the foliar uptake of... 

Masunaga, S., Takasuga, T., Nakanishi, J., 2001. Dioxin and dioxin-like PCB impurities in some Japanese agrochemical formulations. Chemosphere 44, 873-885. 

Knowles, D.A. (Ed.), Chemistry and Technology of Agrochemical Formulations, Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht, 1998. 

Applications. Some of the very low molecular weight sulphonates (such as sodium diiso-propylnaphthalene sulphonates) are used as dispersants/coupling agents in agrochemical formulations and they are also used to improve wetting and leaf penetration. 

Phosphate esters are widely used in metalworking and lubricants. A C12 h with 6 mol of ethylene oxide (diester) can be used as an emulsifier but also as an extreme pressure additive - it can reduce wear where there is high pressure metal to metal contact. PEs can also show corrosion inhibiting properties, as with petroleum sulphonates and the emulsifying power of PEs with low foam is used in agrochemical formulations. PEs can act as dispersants or hydrotropes in plant protection formulations, allowing the development of easy-to-handle and dilute formulations of both poorly miscible and insoluble herbicides. 

Agrochemical formulations Biodegradable carrier oil for green inks Coalescent for decorative paint systems Agrochemical/pesticide formulations... 

Dehscoxid. [Albright Wilson Am.] Ethylene oxide condensates for synthetic alcohol f(x agrochemical formulations and other industrial applies. 

It is clear from the above introduction that understanding the various interfacial phenomenon involved in agrochemical formulations is crucial for the formulation chemist. Fundamental knowledge is required at a molecular level to enable the formulation chemist to select the optimum surfactants or polymers. These investigations are also essential for assessment and prediction of the long-term stability of the formulation as well as its application. For detailed information on the role of surfactants in agrochemicals the interested reader should refer to a recent book by this present author (1). 

In this chapter, which is by no means comprehensive, we will give some examples of agrochemical formulations to illustrate the importance of surface chemistry in their preparation and subsequent preparation. As far as possible, we will describe the main fundamental principles that are involved. 

Work has been carried out to determine the physical and chemical properties in relation to agrochemical formulations and especially their adjuvant effect on plant protection agents. Polyethoxy tallow amine was used as a model adjuvant for comparative purposes. The knowledge from extensive studies of physical and chemical properties shows that... 

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