Agriculture water reuse

Therefore, sound pohcies should be reluctant to invest in agricultural water reuse schemes. Other options, such as urban or industrial uses as well as indirect potable reuse are much more likely to be economically justified. 

Over the past decade, water pollution control has progressed from an art to a science. Increased emphasis has been placed on the removal of secondary pollutants, such as nutrients and refractory organics, and on water reuse for industrial and agricultural purposes. This in turn has generated both fundamental and appHed research, which has improved both the design and operation of wastewater treatment faciUties. 

Fig. 2 Examples of treatment trains including disinfection through intensive or extensive processes for water reuse in agriculture and other applications implemented in different countries [16]...

Kadria E., Michel J. Effects of salinity on toxic element transfers in soils associated to agricultural wastewater reuse mobility and bioavailability of zinc and lead for ryegrass in soils irrigated with saline water. 2004. http //Kuk.uni-... 

In recent years, efforts have been undertaken to conserve water due to the growing demand for a limited resource. As a result, water reuse is being employed, especially in the Western United States. Water reuse is when wastewater generated from a community is reclaimed for a beneficial use such as irrigation for ornamental or agricultural crops, decorative water features, industrial application and with advanced treatment potable water. The use of reclaimed water may expose the public to chemical and microbial contamination from the wastewater stream. Therefore, for each type of beneficial reuse, treatment standards are being established to protect public health. 

ERA. (1992). Guidelines for agricultural reuse of wastewater. Available from http //water.epa. gov/aboutDw/owm/upload/Water-Reuse-Guidelines-625r04108.pdf. Accessed January 2014. 

Bellobono I R, Morazzoni F, Bianchi R, Mangone E S, Stanescu R, Costache C and Tozzi P M (2005a), Solar energy driven photocatalytic membrane modules for water reuse in agricultural and food industries. Pre-industrial experience using s-triazines as model molecules , Int J Photoenergy, 7,87-94. 

Liberti, L. and Notamicola, M., 1999. Advanced treatment and disinfection for municipal wastewater reuse in agriculture. Water Science and Technology 40(4-5), 235 245. 

Bahri A (1999) Agricultural reuse of wastewater and global water management. Wat Sci Tech 40(4-5) 339-346... 

Irrigation return flows. When farmers irrigate agricultural land, water not absorbed into the ground can flow into reservoirs for reuse. This return flow often picks up pesticide or fertilizer constituents, potentially rendering it hazardous. Because this water may be reused on the fields, it is excluded from the definition of solid waste. 

Materials. Aldicarb standards were obtained from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Quality Assurance Section and from Union Carbide Corporation. Crystalline samples of carbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran were supplied by the Agricultural Chemical Group of FMC Corporation. Reference standards of methomyl (99% pure) and oxamyl (99% pure) were obtained from USEPA. HPLC grade methanol was purchased from Burdick and Jackson, Inc. Methylene chloride used for bulk extractions of the carbamate pesticides in solution was recovered, distilled and reused. Analytical reagent grade chemicals and solvents were used in all experiments. Doubly distilled deionized water was used for solution rate studies. Deionized distilled water (DDW) was used for dilutions in reactive ion exchange experim ts., , ... 

Water IS a vital resource for industry and agriculture, as well as for domestic use. The ever-increasing demands for water are outstripping the supply in many places where abundant water was once taken for granted. It is therefore becoming increasingly important to recycle water whenever possible, to ensure that water returned to rivers or lakes is fit for reuse by someone else (as well as safe for aquatic life), and to learn how to make use of impure but abundant resources such as brackish water or even seawater.1-11 The value of the water treatment market has been estimated at 30 billion annually, worldwide. 

A large source of water for reuse may be obtained by reclaiming polluted water. Sources of polluted water emanate from domestic wastewater, industrial waste solutions, agricultural effluent as runoff water, recirculated greenhouse water, and fish pond waste. All these must be treated to a tolerable quality to prevent deterioration of the soil and aquifers, and pollution of lakes, rivers, and the sea. Above all, this is a source of usable water. 

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