Aggregates of fullerenes

Ikeda A, Irisa T, Hamano T et al. (2006) Control of self-aggregation of fullerenes by connection with calyx[4]arene solvent and guest effects to particle size. Org Biomol Client. 4 519-523. 

This interpretation also agrees with previously reported results of solva-tochromism of C6o in binary pyridine/water mixtures [96]. We assume that the amine groups of the PVAm encapsulate the fullerene molecules in a manner comparable with the behavior of pyridine molecules in water. The broad UV/Vis absorption spectra of the C6o-containing hybrids give an additional hint of aggregation of fullerene molecules on the PVFA-co-PVAm layer [64],... 

Dendrimers have also been found useful in the construction of thin films containing isolated fullerenes [85, 86]. Such materials could eventually find practical application in sensors and/or optoelectronic devices [87]. Generally, monolayers prepared from C60 are ill-defined due to the aggregation tendency of fullerenes. The covalent attachement of C60 to bulky dendritic frameworks... 

Ying Q, Zhang J, Liang D, Nakanishi W, Isobe H, Nakamura E, Chu B (2005) Fractal behavior of functionalized fullerene aggregates. I. Aggregation of two-handed tetraaminofullerene with DNA. Langmuir 21 9824-9831. 

Low affinity to polar solvents and fullerenes aggregation in water limit their use in biologic systems. To increase water solubility of fullerenes, few ways are used solubilization with the use of some water-soluble polymers like PDT or polyvin-ilpyrrolidone, generation of complexes with cyclodextrines or calixarenes, and... 

Biological Effects in Cell Cultures of Fullerene C60 Dependence on Aggregation State... 

The most convenient method for the evaluation of fullerene molecules aggregation is the comparison of UV-VIS absorption spectra in various solvents and for Langmuir-Blodgett films (Bensasson et al., 1994). Some preliminary conclusions about the state of aggregation can be made basing only the absorption maximum of fullerene C60 in the region of 3 30-340 nm concern. 

Brant J, Lecoanet H, Wiesner MR (2005b) Aggregation and deposition characteristics of fullerene nanoparticles in aqueous systems. J Nanopart Res. 7 545-553. 

Fig. 10.1 Comparative sizes of one carbon atom, one molecule of Cm fulletene, a typically sized aggregate of C60 fullerene, a red blood cell, and a large immune system cell, a monocyte (See Color Plates)...

In recent years, there has been a greater interest in joining certain heterocyclic systems to [60]-fullerene with pyrimidine-fused 3-sulfolenes as one such case. Three derivatives have been examined in membrane model environments and the aggregation of these derivatives has been studied <2000J(P2)301>. Similar studies have been carried out on furo[2,3- ]pyrimidines <1996JST(385)55>. 

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