Fullerenes aggregates

Niu S and Mauzerall D 1996 Fast and efficient charge transport across a lipid bilayer is electronically mediated by Cyf, fullerene aggregates J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 5791-5... 

Ying Q, Zhang J, Liang D, Nakanishi W, Isobe H, Nakamura E, Chu B (2005) Fractal behavior of functionalized fullerene aggregates. I. Aggregation of two-handed tetraaminofullerene with DNA. Langmuir 21 9824-9831. 

Low affinity to polar solvents and fullerenes aggregation in water limit their use in biologic systems. To increase water solubility of fullerenes, few ways are used solubilization with the use of some water-soluble polymers like PDT or polyvin-ilpyrrolidone, generation of complexes with cyclodextrines or calixarenes, and... 

Rudalevige T., Francis A.H., and Zand R. (1998) Spectroscopic studies of fullerene aggregates, JPhys Chem A, 102, 9797-9802. 

Fig. 43 a Perylene/fullerene aggregates, b Steric 3D-representation of the assembly, c TEM micrograph of the formed aggregate, d Photocurrent generation upon irradiation. Reprinted with permission from [154]... 

Interestingly, the characteristic NIR band of Ceo within these lipid materials has a blue shift with a maximum centered at ca 1020 nm [88] for organic solutions of Ceo the maximum was recorded at 1080 nm [65, 66]. In addition, the 1020 nm band is substantially broadened, which again suggests fullerene aggregation. 

Because monofunctionalization of fullerenes shows that a single hydrophilic addend is insufficient to prevent the strong hydrophobic interactions among the compounds [89, 90, 93, 94], multiple functionalized derivatives were examined as water-soluble probes. In particular, introduction of a second hydrophilic ligand (e.g., pyrrolidinium salts or carboxylates) to the fullerene core enhances the surface coverage of the hydrophobic fullerene surface. In turn, it was expected that fullerene aggregation might be suppressed. It should be stated that these water-soluble derivatives are important alternatives to the y-CD-incorporated and surfactant-embedded fullerenes. 

AFM investigations of unmodified and C60-functionalized PVFA-co-PVAm layers on a flat silica layer-deposited on a silicon wafer-are shown in Fig. 10. The fullerene functionalized PVFA-co-PVAm/silica layer causes holes with a diameter of 10 nm and depth of 2 nm. The former PVFA-co-PVAm layer has a thickness of about 1.2 nm. This shows the strong influence of reacted C6o molecules on the conformation of the adsorbed polymer layer. These holes observed are also an indication that fullerene aggregates are encapsulated in the PVFA-co-PVAm layer on silica. 

B. Gholamkhass, T. J. Peckham, S. Holdcroft, Poly(3-Hexylthiophene) Bearing Pendant Fullerenes Aggregation vs. Self-Organization. Polym. Chem. 2010,1,708. 

To relate the measured electron field-effect mobility to the concentration of fuller-ene molecules at the semiconductor-dielectric interface, an implementation of percolation theory was employed [106]. Details of the derivation are given elsewhere [101], but it was found that the following equation gave an adequate description of the relationship (when fullerene aggregation is neglected) ... 

Fullerenes can also form compounds with atoms encapsulated within the cage structure, termed endohedral compounds and designated M C , where the symbol signifies that the M atom is encapsulated within the C cage, e.g., U C2g, Y Cgo, Y2 Cg2, La2 Cgo, La Cg2- Fullerene aggregates are bonded by van der Waals forces (c.f. graphite) and will permit the entrapment of alkali metal ions such as Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs [87]. 

Using distances r measnred on optical pictures of wear scar obtained at different contact pressures and with balls of different diameters, results show the same distance of 500 nm whatever the contact pressure (Table 2.5). This height corresponds to the main size of fullerene aggregates. Since the fullerenes of large diameters interact more easily than those of small diameters, IF-WS2 of diameter 140 nm will form aggregates more easily. 

C and 180 °C, respectively, which are superior to that of PCBM (Tg = 122 °C). Compounds 10 and 11 reduce the amount of fullerene aggregation. These three compounds showed similar PCE in P3HT-based BHJ OSCs after thermal annealing at 150 °C for several tens of minutes, while amorphous PCBMs 10 and 11 showed much improved thermal stability even after thermal... 

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