Ageing hyperresponsiveness

Joad JP, Brie JM, Peake JL, Pinkerton KE (1999) Perinatal exposure to aged and diluted sidestream cigarette smoke produces airway hyperresponsiveness in older rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 155(3) 253-260. 

However, the airway immunohistopathology in established asthma with eosinophil-dominated inflammation and remodeling is present even during relatively asymptomatic periods [78]. Studies of adults have shown that inflammation indices in the airways of asthmatics correlate with the degree of bronchial hyperresponsiveness [79]. It has been shown that bronchial hyperresponsiveness can develop as early as 4 weeks of age in those bom to atopic parents with IgE-mediated asthma, long before there are any symptoms [80]. Furthermore, bronchial hyperresponsiveness at 4 weeks of age is a clear risk factor for asthma at 6 years of age [81]. The implication of these observations is that the airway inflammation of asthma is initiated in very early life and may be present in many subjects before full-blown disease manifests [82]. 

Airway hyperresponsiveness in children is mostly associated with airway inflammation due to IgE sensitisation [63-65]. Chronic asthma is mainly associated with sensitisation to indoor allergens (house dust mites, animal dander, cockroaches etc), which are more important than the outdoor allergens, probably because of the time spent indoors [2, 66, 67]. Several studies have demonstrated a relationship (in a dose-dependent manner) between exposure and presence of IgE antibody [68-71], as well as a clear association between presence of IgE antibody and development of asthma [65, 70-78]. However, no significant direct association between early exposure to indoor allergens and development of asthma up to the age of 7 years was found in a recent study [72]. Importantly, such an association should only be expected as regards allergic asthma. A dose-response relationship between exposure to house dust mites and development and severity of asthma has been demonstrated [74, 75]. Other longitudinal studies have shown that sensitisation to house dust mites and animal dander antedate, and are a risk factor for development of asthma in children [65, 71, 78, 79]. 

Miller, D.W. Tessel, R. (1991) Age-dependent hyperresponsiveness of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) to the pressor effects of intravenous neuropeptide Y (NPY) The role of mode of peptide administration and plasma NPY-like immunoreactivity. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 18, 647-656. 

Hepatic Neutral Sphingomyelinase The Link Between Oxidative Stress and IL-ip Hyperresponsiveness in Aging... 

Rutkute, K., Karakashian, A. A., Giltiay, N. V., Dobierzewska, A., and Nikolova-Karakashian, M. N. Aging in rat causes hepatic hyperresponsiveness to interleukin 1 b which is mediated by neutral sphingomyehnase-2. Hepatology 46 (2007b) 1166-1176. 

Burrows B, Sears MR, Flannery EM, Herbison GP, Holdaway MD, SUva PA. Relation of the course of bronchial hyperresponsiveness from age 9 to age 15 to allergy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995 152 1302-1308. 

Age-related hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical hyperresponsiveness is evident at multiple levels, prominently including hypothalamic paraventricu-... 

Kandhare, A.D., Bodhankar, S.L., Singh, V., Mohan, V., and Thakurdesai P.A. 2013. Antiasthmatic effects of type-A procyanidine polyphenols from cinnamon bark in ovalbumin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in laboratory animals. Biomedicine Aging Pathology, 3 23-30. 

D Souza W, Lewis S, Cheng S, McMillan D, Pearce N, Town I, Rigby S, Skidmore C, Armstrong R, Ruthorford R. The prevalence of asthma symptoms, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and atopy in New Zealand adults. N Z Med J 1999 112 198-202. Wittig HJ, Belloit J, De Fillippi 1, Royal G. Age-related serum immunoglobulin E levels in healthy subjects and in patients with allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1980 66(4) 305-313. 

---