Aflatoxins accumulation

Bluma RV, Etcheverry MG (2008) Application of essential oils in maize grain impact on Aspergillus section Flavi growth parameters and aflatoxin accumulation. Food Microbiol 25(2) 324-334. doi 10.1016/J.Fm.2007.10.004... 

Frequency of grain contamination in regions of Kazathstan aflatoxin Accumulation in the grain of wheat inoculated with Aspergillus flavus... 

LWova, L.S., Sosedov, N.I., Shatilova, T.I., and A.P. Shulgina (1986). Dynamics of aflatoxin accumulation in the grain of wheat inoculated with Aspergillus flavus NRRL 2999 and distribution of aflatoxins in the bread and grinding products. App. Biochem. Microbiol., 12, 596-603. 

The stages in commodity handling at which aflatoxin and other mycotoxins can be detected and their amounts modified are shown in Figure 9.4. Aspergillus spp. thrive in hot, humid, subtropical and tropical climates. When environmental conditions favor aflatoxin production, accumulation is rapid, both in the field and in storage. 

Contamination of crops and products with ochratoxin A and related metabolites is not as directly associated with a particular fungus as is the case with the aflatoxins. Ochratoxin A is also likely to occur with other mycotoxins, such as citrinin and penicillic acid or patulin. In addition, it is not certain whether ochratoxin A contamination is only a storage problem or perhaps a dual field and storage problem. In cases such as coffee crops, the use of insecticides might help to control insect activity and consequently fungal infection. Coffee-berry borers are a major insect pest which can act as vectors to carry fungal spores, resulting in crop infection and ochratoxin accumulation. 

Aflatoxins are soluble in water, readily pass through the membranes and tissues of plants and animals, including the skin. These compounds accumulate in the body, leading to functional disorders and further diseases and death. 

Metabolism of aflatoxins and other mycotoxins in relation to their toxicity and the accumulation of residues in animal tissue, D.S.P. Patterson, Pure Appl. Chem. 1977, 49, 1723. 

J.L. Shaeffer, J.K. Tyczkowska, J.E. Riviere, P.B. Hamilton. Aflatoxin-impaired Ability to Accumulate Oxycarotenoid Pigments During Restoration in Young Chickens. Poultry Science, Vol. 67, pgs 619-625,1988. 

In contrast to walnuts and pistachios, almond pellicle contains no hydrolysable tannin and therefore no gallic acid was detectable in the cultivars Nonpareil and Mission. This is consistent with their propensity to accumulate aflatoxins [9] and their ability to support aflatoxin biosynthesis. However, there are considerable differences in aflatoxin production in vitro between cultivars and these must be due to compounds other than hydrolysable tannins. Almond pellicle has been shown to contain other phenolic constituents, primarily phenolic acids and flavonoids, which may suppress aflatoxin production although less effectively than the tannins [27-29],... 

In one laboratory, a time-course study was carried out to determine the relationship of growth and aflatoxin production by A. flavus to phytoalexin accumulation by intact peanut kernels. Wotton and Strange (23) reported that following inoculation, A. flavus grew logarithmically for 2 days. However, by the third day when the... 

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