Aflatoxigenic

Zachova, I., Vytrasova, J., Pejchalova, M., Cervenka, L., and Tavcar-Kalcher, G. (2003). Detection of aflatoxigenic fungi in feeds using the PCR method. Folia Microbiol. 48,817-821. 

Replace aflatoxigenic strains with nonaflatoxigenic strains in the field (a biocompetitive approach),... 

Incorporate into plant varieties, perhaps through genetic engineering, specific antifungal genes expressed in the specific plant tissues, e. g. seed tissues contaminated by aflatoxigenic strains (a host-plant resistance approach), and... 

In peanut, small molecular weight phytoalexins, the stilbenes (76, 77) are induced by the presence of invading aflatoxigenic fungi and appear to be correlated with ability to resist fungal attack. 

Several approaches are being explored and developed using new methods in biotechnology to eliminate pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination of food and feed. These approaches resulted from recent information acquired on 1) non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains that prevent aflatoxin contamination of cottonseed when co-inoculated with aflatoxigenic strains, 2) molecular mechanisms governing aflatoxin biosynthesis, and 3) plant-derived metabolites that inhibit aflatoxin biosynthesis. 

AfLatoxigenic fimgi, enhancement of resistance in plants, 282-285r AfLatoxin(s)... 

Singh and Sumbali (2000) demonstrated that mature jujube fruits are a favorable substrate for infection and aflatoxin production by A. flavus strains. Among the mycoflora on the surface of jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) A. flavus consistently was recorded during the entire period of fruit development. Fifty isolates of A. flavus isolated from the preharvest fruits caused extensive postharvest rot of mature jujube when inoculated. When all of these isolates were also screened for their aflatoxigenic potential in mature jujube, 54% of the isolates tested positive for different aflatoxins (Bi, B2, Gi, and G2) at levels ranging from 31 to 2874 pg/kg. 

Tosun, N. and Delen, N. 1998. Minimising of contamination of aflatoxigenic fungi and subsequent aflatoxin development in fig orchards by fungicides. Acta Horticult. 480, 193-196. 

Klich MA, Yu J, Chang P-K, Mullaney EJ, Bhatnagar D, Cleland TE. Hybridisation of genes involved in polyketide biosynthesis to DNA of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic aspergilli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 44 439-443, 1995. 

Mahoney, N. and Molyneux, R.J., Phytochemical inhibition of aflatoxigenicity in Aspergillus flavus by constituents of walnut (Juglans regia), J. Agric. Food Chem., 52,1882-1889, 2004. 

Cary, J.W. Ehrlich, K.C. (2006) Aflatoxigenicity in Aspergillus molecular genetics, phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary implications. Mycopathologia 162,167-177. 

Occurrence of Aflatoxin Contamination After Cessation of Phvtoalexin Production. In view of the fact that stilbene phytoalexins are naturally produced in peanut kernels in response to fungal invasion and that these stilbenes possess antifungal activity against aflatoxigenic fungi, the question of how peanuts become contaminated with aflatoxin remains. Simply stated, how does A. flaws overcome this apparent natural defense mechanism of peanuts ... 

Ono, Makoto Sakuda, Shohei Suzuki, Akinori Isogai, Akira. Aflastatin a, A Novel Inhibitor of Aflatoxin Production by Aflatoxigenic Fungi. Journal of Antibiotics (1997), 50(2), 111-118. 

Gourami, H. and Bullerman, L. B. 1995. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus Aflatoxigenic fungi of concern in foods and feeds A review. J. Food Protect. 58 1395-1404. 

Gourama, H., Bullerman, L. B. (1997). Anti-aflatoxigenic activity of Lactobacillus casei pseudoplantarum. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 34,131-143. 

Strains of AFP were evaluated with respect to their ability to produce aflatoxins. Fourteen strains (51.7%) were aflatoxigenic, and the principle aflatoxins detected were and B, except for two isolates of barley that produced aflatoxin B, B, and G. Barley samples were imported, and this suggests the possible presence of aflatoxins in the Venezuelan imported-food market. 

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