Adults death

Adults (death from lead poisoning) Liver 27-250 FW 64... 

Cicutoxin is concentrated in the roots but also may be found in aboveground parts. A mouthful of the root may be sufficient to kill an adult. Death results from status epilepticus, possibly caused by excessive stimulation of cholinergic receptors in the basal ganglia or brain stem. 

Not surprisingly, lead levels like these made many people sick and resulted in multiple adult deaths. Of the 404 cases of water-related lead poisoning documented by Bacup s health officer, 21 suffered from wristdrop 197 from headaches a few from spastic paralysis 206 from abdominal colic 148 from anemia several from insomnia and 339 exhibited the blue gum line. In 71 cases there was no patellar tendon reflex —that is, no knee-jerk in response to stimulation. Vision problems were not uncommon, including three cases of temporary blindness that lasted from a few minutes to a few days. Vertigo was also not uncommon while a sense of heat and burning in the soles of the feet was rare but not unheard of. In nearly every case the perspiration was lessened. In 148 cases, obstinate constipation was present and the faeces were hard and dry, and showed deficiency of bile. A forerunner of saturnine nephritis, albuminuria occurred in many individuals. Shooting pains in the hands, arms, back, and legs were very common, and usually mistaken for muscular rheumatism. ... 

Tb allium, which does not occur naturaHy in normal tissue, is not essential to mammals but does accumulate in the human body. Levels as low as 0.5 mg/100 g of tissue suggest thallium intoxication. Based on industrial experience, 0.10 mg /m of thallium in air is considered safe for a 40-h work week (37). The lethal dose for humans is not definitely known, but 1 g of absorbed thallium is considered sufficient to kHl an adult and 10 mg/kg body weight has been fatal to children. In severe cases of poisoning, death does not occur earlier than 8—10 d but most frequently in 10—12 d. Tb allium excretion is slow and prolonged. For example, tb allium is present in the feces 35 d after exposure and persists in the urine for up to three months. 

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects over 5% of the adult population, is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide and is the only major cause of mortality that is increasing worldwide. It is an inflammatory disorder of the lungs, caused mainly, but not exclusively, by cigarette smoking. 15-20% of smokers develop COPD. 

Dudar, J.C., Pfeiffer, S. and Saunders, S.R. 1993 Evaluation of morphological and histological adult skeletal age-at-death estimation techniques using ribs. Journal of Forensic Sciences 38 677-685. 

Children are affected by methyl parathion in the same manner as adults. Exposure to high levels of methyl parathion, even for short periods, may result in changes in the nervous system, leading to headaches, dizziness, confusion, blurred vision, difficulty breathing, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of consciousness, and death (see also Section 1.5 for a more complete description of how methyl parathion affects human health). It is not known whether children are more sensitive to the effects of methyl parathion than adults. There is some indication that young rats may be more sensitive than adults to nervous system effects. 

Often, absorption occurs by multiple routes in humans. Dean et al. (1984) reported deaths and toxic effects as well as lowered blood cholinesterase levels and excretion of urinary 4-nitrophenol in several children who were exposed by inhalation, oral, and possibly dermal routes after the spraying of methyl parathion in a house. In the same incident (Dean et al. 1984), absorption was indicated in adults who also excreted 4-nitrophenol in the urine, though at lower levels than some of the children, and in the absence of other evidence of methyl parathion exposure. In this study, the potential for age-related differences in absorption rates could not be assessed because exposure levels were not known and the children may have been more highly exposed than the adults. Health effects from multiple routes are discussed in detail in Section 3.2. 

Most of the toxic effects caused by methyl parathion resulted from exposure by multiple routes, especially for workers in sprayed fields or formulating facilities, or people in homes. Dean et al. (1984) reported deaths and toxic effects in several children as well as lowered blood cholinesterase levels and excretion of urinary 4-nitrophenol (adults showing no adverse effects also excreted 4-nitrophenol). 

Bozette et al. (2001) examined expenditures for the care of adult HIV-infected patients since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. They interviewed a representative random sample of 2,864 patients in early 1996 and followed them for up to 36 months. They estimated the average expenditure per patient per month on the basis of self-reported information. According to their calculations, the mean expenditure was US 1,792 per patient per month at base hne in early 1996, but it decbned to US 1,359 for survivors in 1997, since the increases in pharmaceutical expenditures were smaller than the reductions in hospital costs. After adjustments for the interview date, clinical status, and deaths, the estimated annual expenditure declined from US 20,300 per patient (1996) to US 18,300 (1998). 

The effects of endosulfan have not been studied in children, but they would likely experience the same health effects seen in adults exposed to endosulfan. Data in adults, mostly derived from cases of accidental or intentional acute exposure (ingestion) to large amounts of endosulfan, indicate that the primary target of endosulfan toxicity is the nervous system. The effects are manifested as hyperactivity and convulsions and in some cases have resulted in death (Aleksandrowicz 1979 Blanco-Coronado et al. 1992 Boereboom et al. 1998 Cable and Doherty 1999 Lo et al. 1995 Terziev et al. 1974). These effects have been reproduced in experimental animals. 

The Australian study identified drugs as the most common cause of anaphylaxis fatalities [22]. Of 105 non-food-induced anaphylaxis cases, 64 were drug-induced. Most deaths occurred in adults 55 to >85 years of age with similar numbers of male and female subjects [22]. 

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