Adenosine 5’-diphosphate ADP

VASP, vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein hsp27, heat shock protein hsp27 LASP, LIM and SH3 domain containing protein Tx, thromboxane IP3, inositol triphosphate ADP, adenosine 5 -diphosphate. Adapted from Refs. [44] and [116]. 

Fig. 1. Energy metabolism in the normal myocardium (ATP adenosine-5 -triphosphate, ADP adenosine-5 -diphosphate, P phosphate, PDH pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, acetyl-CoA acetyl-coenzyme A, NADH and NAD" nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced and oxidized), FADH2 and FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide (reduced and oxidized).

Figure 1. Nucleotide degradation pathway (ATP=adenosine-5 -triphosphate, ADP=adenosine-5 -diphosphate, AMP=adenosine-5 -monophosphate, IMP=inosine-5 -monophosphate).

ADP adenosine-5 -diphosphate FMN flavin mononucleotide (oxidized form)... 

Fig. 6.2.1. Regulation of assimilatory sulfate metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (Cherest et al., 1969 Siegel, 1975 de Vito and Dreyfuss, 1964). Abbreviations as follows ADP adenosine 5 -diphosphate AMP adenosine 5 -phosphate (adenylic acid) APS adenylyl sulphate ATP adenosine 5 -triphosphate NADP, NADPH nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (oxidised and reduced) PAP adenosine 3, 5 -diphos-phate PAPS 3 -phosphoadenylyl sulphate Pj orthophosphate ion PPj pyrophosphate ion.

Scheme L Synthesis of a2,64inked sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine using a one-pot multi-enzyme system with in situ regeneration of CMP-Neu5Ac. Abbreviations for enzymes CSS, CMP-sialic acid synthetase NMK, nucleoside monophosphate kinase PK, pyruvate kinase PPase, pyrophosphatase. Abbreviations for compounds PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate ADP, adenosine 5 -diphosphate ATP, adenosine 5 -triphosphate CMP, cytidine 5-monophosphate CDP, cytidine 5 -diphosphate CTP, cytidine 5-triphosphate LacNAc, N-acetyllactosamine NeuSAc, N-acetylneuraminic acid PPi, inorganic pyrophosphate.

Abbreviations ER, extended-release mg, milligrams g, grams BID, twice-daily ADP, adenosine 5 -diphosphate RBC, red blood cell CAD, coronary artery disease CHF, congestive heart failure 1C, intermittent claudication. 

Abbreviations used NAD+ = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH e reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADP = nicotinamide adenine dinudeotide phosphate NAD PH reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NMN, NMN+ nicotinamide mononucleotide NMNH2 = reduced nicotinamide mononucleotide a-NAD a-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide AMP = 5 -adenylic acid 3,5 -AMP adenosine 3, 5 -cycIic phosphate 3 ,5 -UMP = uridine 3, 5 -cyclic phosphate 3, 5 -CMP cytidine 3, 5-cyclic phosphate 3 f5 GMP = guanosine 3 5f-cyclic phosphate 3, 5 TMP thymidine 3, 5 -cyclic phosphate Dibutyryl-3, 5 -AMP = N6,02-dibutyryladenosine 3, 5 -cyclic phosphate 2, 3 -UMP = uridine 2 ,3 -cyclic monophosphate 2, 3 -CMP cytidine 2, 3 -cyclic monophosphate 2, 3 -AMP = adenosine 2, 3 -cyclic monophosphate 2 ,3 -GMP = guanosine 2 3 -cyclic monophosphate 2 -UMP = uridine 2 -phosphate -UMP uridine -phosphate 5 -UMP = uridine 5 phosphate Poly U polyuridylic acid ADP = adenosine 5 -diphosphate FAD = flavin adenine dinucleotide UpA, UpU, ApU and ApA x dinucleoside phosphates of uridine and/or adenine. c See original references for experimental conditions and additional data. 

Other metabolites that have been measured with calorimetric sensors include ascorbic acid, ATP/ADP (adenosine 5 -diphosphate), cephalosporins, galactose, hydrogen peroxide, lactose, malate, phospholipids, uric acid, xanthine, and hypoxanthine. 

The chemistry of phosphate esters is rich and varied. Phosphate esters are important in biological systems. The phosphate ester of a nucleoside (a nucle-obase attached to a ribose derivative see Chapter 28, Section 28.5) is called a nucleotide. These are structural components used in DNA and RNA. Using adenosine (210) as an example, there are three possible monophosphate esters 211, 212, and 212. The pyrophosphate (diphosphate) derivative is adenosine 5 -diphosphate (214). The symbol A is used to designate an adenosine derivative in biology, so 211 is abbreviated 5 -AMP (adenosine 5 -monophosphate) and 214 is 5 -ADP (adenosine 5 -diphosphate). The numbering is explained in Chapter 28, Section 28.5. 

Figure 6.2 Outline of the metabolic pathway by which carbohydrates are degraded to industrial solvents (and lactic acid). The arrows do not necessarily indicate a single reaction step, nor does a single strain or species of an organism catalyse all the reactions. ATP, adenosine-5 -triphosphate ADP, adenosine-5 -diphosphate NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH, reduced NAD HSCoA, coenzyme A...

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