Administration, drug system

DNA plasmid-based treatment ( gene therapy ) is considered an alternative to the one based on classical chemical drugs or proteins recovered from recombinant cells. Treatment of acquired and inherent genetic diseases as well as the use of DNA for the purpose of vaccination are potential applications of plasmid DNA (pDNA). The plasmid carries information that allows protein expression in the targeted human cells as well as eukaryotic regulatory elements and specific prokaryotic sequences that control replication in the host cell, see Fig. 10. Formulation is required for ex- or in-vivo administration. Selected systems for gene expression can be viral or non-viral. 

S. E. Chang and Y. W. Chien. Intranasal drug administration for systemic medication. Pharm Int 5 287-288 (1984). 

US Food and Drug Administration. Circulatory System Devices Panel. Available at http //www.fda.gov/ohrms/ dockets/ac/cdrh06.html circulatory... 

In contrast to oral administration, drugs administered intravenously or intramuscularly directly enter the systemic circulation, avoiding the first-pass effect. 

Duchene, D., F. Touchard, and N.A. Peppas. 1988. Pharmaceutical and medical aspects of bioadhesive systems for drug administration. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 14 283. 

In the last few decades, the discovery of SPs from natural sources with potent antiviral activities has increased significantly, but their clinical application against human viral infections is still far from being satisfactory. The therapeutic perspectives of SPs will probably improve with an adequate formulation in a clinically useful vehicle. The development of new drug delivery systems, such as encapsulation in liposomes or nanoparticles, is a strategy currently gaining attention to improve the in vivo effectiveness and reduce the adverse effects of polysulfates. The potential of these natural compounds to prevent a wide spectrum of severe viral diseases warrants further investigation to ameliorate their administration in systemic virus infections. 

International Pharmaceutical R D Symposium on Advances in Transdermal Controlled Drug Administration for Systemic Medications, Rutgers University, College of Pharmacy, June 20 21, 1985. 

Transdermal This route of administration achieves systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin, usually via a transdermal patch. The rate of absorption can vary markedly depending upon the physical characteristics of the skin at the site of application. This route is most often used for the sustained delivery of drugs, such as the antianginal drug, nitroglycerin (see p. 175). 

However, alternative routes are currently used in the clinic according to the site/location and type of tumor to achieve higher therapeutic efficiency [410] because systemically administred drugs are not able to pass to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF),... 

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