Biological Adhesion

IETS has enjoyed considerable success in seemingly diverse areas of research including adhesion, biological molecules and polymers, catalysis, corrosion, and lubrication. The reader is referred to several comprehensive review articles [15-17], a compendium of spectra [18], and an excellent book [ 19] on the subject. 

Chen, J.L. Cyr, G.N. Compositions producing adhesion through adhesion. In Adhesive Biological Systems Manly,... 

Fluoropolymers have received much attention for applications in various fields because of their excellent properties (1) such as high thermal stability, high chemical stability, low adhesion, biological suitability, low frictional resistance, and transparency at vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region (2). Because of the sufficient transparency at 157 nm, fluoropolymers are used as a polymer for F2 and F2 immersion lithography for semiconductor industry (2). Polymethacrylates containing bi- and/or tri-alicyclic structures, which are major polymers in ArF resist (3), are too absorptive at 157 nm and cannot be used as a polymer in F2 and F2 immersion resist (2). 

Culp, L. A., O Conner, K. L., and Lechner, R. (1997), Extracellular matrix adhesion Biological, molecular, and pathogenic mechanisms, in Bittar E. E., Bittar N. (eds.). Principles of Medical Biology, pp. STi-ffSl, JAI Press, Greenwich, Conn. 

Rodrigues, L.R. Inhibition of bacterial adhesion on medical devices. In Linke, D., Goldman, A. (eds.) Bacterial Adhesion Biology, Chemistry, and Physics, Series Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 715, pp. 351-367. Springer, Germany (2011)... 

Evans et al., 1995] Evans, E., Ritchie, K., and Merkel, R. Sensitive force technique to probe molecular adhesion and structural linkages at biological interfaces. Biophys. J. 68 (1995) 2580-2587... 

Formaldehyde, HCHO, is a primary and necessary constituent of the first five synthetic adhesives in the listing. It is a simple organic chemical first identified during the latter half of the 1800s. Its irritating and toxic odor and preservative properties were known from the time of its early development. It is a ubiquitous chemical, formed naturally in small quantities by every process of incomplete combustion as well as in normal biologic processes. The human body has a natural formaldehyde level of about 3 lg/g, ie, 3 parts per million (ppm) in the blood at all times. 

Mechanisms of Leukocyte Adsorption. The exact mechanism of leukocyte adhesion to filter media is not yet fuUy understood. Multiple mechanisms simultaneously contribute to the adhesion of cells to biomaterials, however, physical and biological mechanisms have been distinguished. Physical mechanisms include barrier phenomenon, surface tension, and electrostatic charge biological mechanisms include cell activation and cell to cell binding. 

In the electronics industry. Pis find wide appHcations as a dielectric material for semiconductors due to thermal stabiHty (up to 400°C) and low dielectric constant. Pis are being considered for use in bearings, gears, seals, and prosthetic human joints. The intended part can be machined or molded from the PI, or a film of PI can be appHed to a metallic part. Because of their superior adhesion, dielectric integrity, processing compatibUity, and lack of biological system impact. Pis have been used in many biological appHcations with particular success as body implants. 

Denture Adhesives. Fast hydration and gel-forming properties are ideally mated to produce a thick, cushioning fluid between the dentures and gums (100). The biologically inert nature of poly(ethylene oxide) helps reduce unpleasant odors and taste in this type of personal-care product (see... 

Biomaterials with Low Thrombogenicity. Poly(ethylene oxide) exhibits extraordinary inertness toward most proteins and biological macromolecules. The polymer is therefore used in bulk and surface modification of biomaterials to develop antithrombogenic surfaces for blood contacting materials. Such modified surfaces result in reduced concentrations of ceU adhesion and protein adsorption when compared to the nonmodifted surfaces. 

Poly(A/-vinyl-2-pyrrohdinone) (PVP) is undoubtedly the best-characterized and most widely studied A/-vinyl polymer. It derives its commercial success from its biological compatibiUty, low toxicity, film-forming and adhesive characteristics, unusual complexing abiUty, relatively inert behavior toward salts and acids, and thermal and hydrolytic stabiUty. 

MacPhee, M., Singh, M., Brady, R., Akhyani, N., Liau, G., Lasa, C., Hue, C., Best, A. and Drohan, W. Fibrin sealant A versatile delivery vehicle for drugs and biologies. In Sierra, D. and Sallz, R. (Eds.), Surgical Adhesives and Sealants. Current Technology and Applications. Technomic, Lancaster, PA, 1996, pp. 109-120. 

Formaldehyde (bp = — 21°C) is ordinarily found in the laboratory in the form of a concentrated water solution (37% HCHO) known as formalin. At one time it was widely used as a preservative for biological specimens. That application has declined now that formaldehyde has been shown to be carcinogenic. Industrially, it is still used as a component of adhesives used in making plywood and fiberboard. 

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