Adenosine triphosphate utilization

Today, bioluminescence reactions are used as indispensable analytical tools in various fields of science and technology. For example, the firefly bioluminescence system is universally used as a method of measuring ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a vital substance in living cells Ca2+-sensitive photoproteins, such as aequorin from a jellyfish, are widely utilized in monitoring the intracellular Ca2+ that regulates various important biological processes and certain analogues... 

Microbial activity requires energy, and all microorganisms generate energy. This energy is subsequently stored as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which can then be utilized for growth and metabolism as needed, subject to the second law of thermodynamics [2,23,35,41,42,51,54]. 

Phosphorus is one of the inorganic macronutrients in all known forms of life. Inorganic phosphorus in the form of phosphate (PO/ ) plays a major role in vital biological molecules, such as DNA and RNA. Living cells also utilize phosphate to transport cellular energy via adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Phospholipids are the main structural components of all cellular membranes. Calcium phosphate salts are... 

The study of bioenergetics deals with energy formation and utilization in living systems. In most living cells energy is found in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Many biochemists believe that the cell is regulated, at least in... 

Adenosine triphosphate is utilized in portions of the cell other than the mitochondria and chloroplasts therefore, the utilization as well as the production of ATP is of importance to total adenylate status. As a result, it became important to consider total ATP content of plants. When detached pinto bean leaves were exposed to 1,0 yl/1 ozone for 30 min total ATP content of the leaf decreased (12), Since ozone altered leaf ATP content it could also alter the leaf s adenylate status we wished to determine if a correlation existed between alteration in adenylates and the change previously reported in photosynthesis and respiration. Since ATP is readily broken down by adenosine triphosphatases, a reliable method of extraction and quantitative method of ATP analysis was designed for the study (8),... 

The problem of oxidative phosphorylation has been approached through model studies that utilize the phosphorylating potential of metaphosphate. In the mitrochondrial process inorganic phosphate and adenosine diphosphate are converted to adenosine triphosphate. Wieland, in a series of papers (e.g. ref. 31), has shown that a variety of thiolactones can activate inorganic phosphate in the presence of bromine for transfer to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The intermediate may be an acyl phosphate or a sulfonium salt similar to that postulated by Higuchi and Gensch32 and by Lambeth and Lardy33, viz. 

Animal and bacterial enzymes that utilize or synthesize carbamyl phosphate have activity with acetyl phosphate. Acyl phosphatase hydrolyzes both substrates, and maybe involved in the specific dynamic action of proteins. Ornithine and aspartic transcarbamylases also synthesize acetylornithine and acetyl aspartate. Finally, bacterial carbamate kinase and animal carbamyl phosphate synthetase utilize acetyl phosphate as well as carbamyl phosphate in the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate. The synthesis of acetyl phosphate and of formyl phosphate by carbamyl phosphate synthetases is described. The mechanism of carbon dioxide activation by animal carbamyl phosphate synthetase is reviewed on the basis of the findings concerning acetate and formate activation. 

Bohme M, Muller M, Leier I et al. (1994) Cholestasis caused by inhibition of the adenosine triphosphate-dependent bile salt transport in rat liver. Gastroenterology 107 255-265 Boyer JL, Meier PJ (1990) Characterizing mechanisms of hepatic bile acid transport utilizing isolated membrane vesicles. Methods Enzymol 192 517-533... 

Morton, R.K., and Raison, J.K., 1963, A complete intracellular unit for incorporation of amino-acid into storage protein utilizing adenosine triphosphate generated from phytate. Nature 200 429-433. 

Like for other carbohydrates, the human body utilizes sucrose as a fuel to obtain heat and form adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the basic molecule of the energy system for all organisms. 

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