Adenosine triphosphate concentrations

Atrial natriuretic peptide Adenosine triphosphate Concentration in arterial blood minus that in venous blood Branched chain amino acid Branched chain kcto acid Body mass index Basai metabolic rate Biological value Cyclic AMF Cholecystokinin Cholcsteryl ester Complementary DNA Coenzyme A Cocn yme A... 

L12. Lichtman, M. A., Miller, D. R., Cohen, J., and Waterhouse, C., Reduced red cell glycolysis, 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate and adenosine triphosphate concentration and increased hemoglobin-oxygen affinity caused by hypophosphatemia. Ann. Intern. Med. 74, 562-568 (1971). 

Active Transport. Maintenance of the appropriate concentrations of K" and Na" in the intra- and extracellular fluids involves active transport, ie, a process requiring energy (53). Sodium ion in the extracellular fluid (0.136—0.145 AfNa" ) diffuses passively and continuously into the intracellular fluid (<0.01 M Na" ) and must be removed. This sodium ion is pumped from the intracellular to the extracellular fluid, while K" is pumped from the extracellular (ca 0.004 M K" ) to the intracellular fluid (ca 0.14 M K" ) (53—55). The energy for these processes is provided by hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and requires the enzyme Na" -K" ATPase, a membrane-bound enzyme which is widely distributed in the body. In some cells, eg, brain and kidney, 60—70 wt % of the ATP is used to maintain the required Na" -K" distribution. 

In the presence of calcium, the primary contractile protein, myosin, is phosphorylated by the myosin light-chain kinase initiating the subsequent actin-activation of the myosin adenosine triphosphate activity and resulting in muscle contraction. Removal of calcium inactivates the kinase and allows the myosin light chain to dephosphorylate myosin which results in muscle relaxation. Therefore the general biochemical mechanism for the muscle contractile process is dependent on the avaUabUity of a sufficient intraceUular calcium concentration. 

Fig. 25.6 Relationship between concentration of aminoglycoside antibiotic and the transfer of radioactivity from adenosine triphosphate to phosphocellulose.

ECF. Note that phosphorus is the major anion within the cells. Given this distribution, serum phosphate concentration does not accurately reflect total body phosphorus stores. Phosphorus is expressed in milligrams (mg) or millimoles (mmol), not as milliequivalents (mEq). Because phosphorus is the source of phosphate for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phospholipid synthesis, manifestations of phosphorus imbalance are variable. 

Aminophthalate anion Atmospheric pressure active nitrogen Analyte pulse perturbation-chemiluminescence spectroscopy Arthromyces rasomus peroxidase Ascorbic acid Adenosine triphosphate Avalanche photodiode 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl 2,6-Di-t< r/-bu(yl-4-mclhyl phenol Bioluminescence Polyoxyethylene (23) dodecanol Bovine serum albumin Critical micelle concentration Calf alkaline phosphatase Continuous-addition-of-reagent Continuous-addition-of-reagent chemiluminescence spectroscopy Catecholamines Catechol... 

The concentration distributions of individual organic compoimds can provide information on biogeochemical processes. As shown in Figure 22.5, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations are highest at the sea surface. ATP is synthesized by all organisms. 

Note that equation 5.2 is irreversible and the product AMP will require two phosphorylation steps to reconstitute the high-energy adenosine triphosphate, ATP. Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate is an important molecule in the cytosol, where it releases calcium ions from storage. It forms part of a series of inositol-phosphate species that mediate calcium ion concentrations inside and outside the cell. 

Acroldn concentration, 186,187 Adenosine triphosphate, effect of ozone on lung concentration of, 354 Aerosol carbon balance, 50 Aerosol formation, 4, 14, 674-76 ability index, 61 diemical medianisms of, 72 hydrox]4 radical-aromatic hydrocar> bon reaction, 76-81 ozone-olefin reaction, 72-76 condensable species vapor pressure and, 86-90,101... 

Beyond the effect of magnesium ion concentration on the equilibrium hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate to adenosine diphosphate , there is ample evidence that MgATP is generally the most widespread substrate in kinase-type phosphotransferase reactions as well as other ATP-dependent processes. The extent to which MgATP is formed in solution depends on the free (or uncomplexed) magnesium ion concentration, as shown by the following equilibrium constant ... 

For example, Bachelard used [Mgtotai]/[ATPtotai ] = 1 in his rate studies, and he obtained a slightly sigmoidal plot of initial velocity versus substrate ATP concentration. This culminated in the erroneous proposal that brain hexokinase was allosterically activated by magnesium ions and by magnesium ion-adenosine triphosphate complex. Purich and Fromm demonstrated that failure to achieve adequate experimental control over the free magnesium ion concentration can wreak havoc on the examination of enzyme kinetic behavior. Indeed, these investigators were able to account fully for the effects obtained in the previous hexokinase study. ... 

Magnesium ions are also involved in biological processes and occur in cells at millimolar concentrations [315]. Magnesium can be estimated based on the chemical shift difference of the resonances of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using P NMR [316-318], though P NMR has intrinsically low signal-to-noise, exacerbated under many pathophysiological conditions, such as ischemia. 

Subcellular membrane-bound enzymes activity. Oil, administered to male CFY weanling rats at a dose of 20% for 16 weeks, produced an increase of synaptosomal acetylcholinesterase activity in the coconut oil-fed group. The Mg -adenosine triphosphate (ATPase) activity was similar among all groups in all the brain regions Superoxide production inhibition. Seed oil, administered to rats at a concentration of 8% of diet, produced equivocal effect on macrophages. Capsaicin or curcumin enhanced effect . ... 

Eeng, K. A., and J. W. Unger. Presence of adenosine triphosphate in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) tissue grown in nutrient medium containing various concentrations of kinetin. Experientia... 

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