Adenosine triphosphate anaerobic

The modes of action for niclosamide are interference with respiration and blockade of glucose uptake. It uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in both mammalian and taenioid mitochondria (22,23), inhibiting the anaerobic incorporation of inorganic phosphate into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Tapeworms are very sensitive to niclosamide because they depend on the anaerobic metaboHsm of carbohydrates as their major source of energy. Niclosamide has selective toxicity for the parasites as compared with the host because Httle niclosamide is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Adverse effects are uncommon, except for occasional gastrointestinal upset. 

Facultative anaerobe An organism that makes adenosine triphosphate by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions. 

PCr acts on anaerobic adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the substance that powers muscle contractions. When ATP powers a muscle contraction, it loses one of its three phosphate molecules, changing from a triphosphate to a diphospate. The phosphate loss converts ATP to ADP (or adenosine diphosphate). Creatine phosphate provides an extra phosphate molecule for the ADP to convert or regenerate quickly back to ATP again and refuel muscle performance. Storing extra creatine in the skeletal muscles theoretically will provide for faster, more frequent ATP conversion. 

Recent work has shown that bacteria, in common with chloroplasts and mitochondria, are able, through the membrane-bound electron transport chain aerobically, or the membrane-bound adenosine triphosphate (ATP) anaerobically, to maintain a gradient of electrical potential and pH such that the interior of the bacterial cell is negative and alkaline. This potential gradient and the electrical equivalent of the pH difference (1 pH unit = 58 mV at 37°C) give a potential difference across the membrane of 100-180 mV, with the inside negative. The membrane is impermeable to protons, whose extrusion creates the potential described. 

The two major metabolic pathways necessary for normal RBC metabolism are the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway, with its associated enzyme systems, and the Embden-Myerhof pathway of anaerobic glycolysis. The former is responsible primarily for maintaining Hgb in the rednced state and thns preventing the formation of methemoglobin, while the latter metabolizes glucose to lactic acid, which leads to adenosine triphosphate formation. 

Substrate-level phosphorylation. Prodnction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the direct transfer of a high-energy phosphate molecnle to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) dnring catabolism of a phosphorylated organic componnd. It occurs under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. 

A. Pentachlorophenol and dinitrophenols uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. Substrates are metabolized but the energy produced is dissipated as heat instead of producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The basal metabolic rate increases, placing increased demands on the cardiorespiratory system. Excess lactic add results from anaerobic glycolysis. 

Adaptive systems allowing to survive to moderate or even severe hypoxia involve an increase in the expression of genes coding for proteins responsible for anaerobic production of adenosine triphosphate, namely aldolase A (EC 4.1.2.13), enolase-a (EC 4.2.1.11), lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40), and glucose transporter-1 (Semenza et al. 1996). 

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