Adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase

Bilodeau-Goeseels S, Sasseville M, Guillemette C, Richard FJ. 2007. Effects of adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase activators on bovine oocyte nuclear maturation in vitro. Mol Reprod Dev 74(8) 1021-1034. 

Gamble, J. Lopaschuk, G.D. Insulin inhibition of 5 -adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in the heart results in activation of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase and inhibition of fatty acid oxidation. Metabolism, 46, 1270-1274 (1997)... 

Tian, R., Musi, N., D Agostino, J., Hirshman, M. F., and Goodyear, L. J. 2001. Increased adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activity in rat hearts with pressure-overload hypertrophy. Circulation 104 1664-1669. 

Isolated keratinocytes subjected to cyclic strain exhibit a significant increase in cell proliferation, DNA synthesis, and protein synthesis compared to stationary or constantly loaded cells, which appear to involve changes in cyclic AMP. Takei et al. (1997) reported a strain-induced reduction in the levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, protein kinase A (PKA), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as compared to stationary controls. Takei et al. (1997) also studied the effects of cyclic strain on protein kinase C (PKC) activation and translocation in cultured keratinocytes. 

Xie L, Li W, Winters A, Yuan F, Jin K, Yang S (2013) Methylene blue induces macroau-tophagy through 5 adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway to protect neurons from serum deprivation. Front Cell Neurosci 7 56... 

Carling, D. Clarke, P.R. Hardie, D.G. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase kinase. Methods En-zymoL, 200, 362-371 (1991)... 

AD clinical trials, 1257 Addiction, 1207, 1375 Additive, 3983, 3984 A-delta fibers, 1371 Adenocarcinoma, 2421 Adenosine A2A receptor, 2682, 4115 Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), 1304 Adenosine receptor, 946 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 3706 Adenylation protein, 51 Adenylyl cyclase, 3327 Adhatoda, 802 Adhatoda vasica, 4095... 

AMPK Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase... 

Salicylic acid This acid confers antiseptic, antibacterial and anti- inflammatory actions. It has been used in pharmaceutical industry as analgesics, anti-rheumatics and even in acne treatment. Salicyhc acid work through various routes, cyclooxygenase (COX) activity inhibition or adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, etc. 

AMPK 5 -adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, LKBl upstream serine/threonine AMPK kinase, AgRP agouti-related peptide, NPY neuropeptide Y, CRH corticotrophin-releasing hormone, POMC proopiomelanocortin, FAS fatty acid synthase mRNA levels normalized to 18s rRNA level Bars, within a gene, with a different letter differ significantly (P<0.05). 

PEROXISOME-PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-6 (PPAR5) AND ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (AMPK) AGONISTS... 

If MLCK activates contraction by increasing myosin phosphorylation, then an increase in the activity of myosin light chain phosphatase, MLCP, by decreasing the fraction of myosin which is phosphorylated, should lead to relaxation from the active (contractile) state. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is a strong inhibitor of smooth muscle contraction and it has been suggested that activation of MLCP could result from its phosphorylation via cAMP activated protein kinase (see Figure 5). 

Dl-iike receptors activate the Gs transduction pathway, stimulating the production of adenylyl cyclase, which increases the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and ultimately increases the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). PKA activates DARPP-32 (dopamine and cyclic adenosine 3, 5 -monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein, 32 kDa) via phosphorylation, permitting phospho-DARPP-32 to then inhibit protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1). The downstream effect of decreased PP-1 activity is an increase in the phosphorylation states of assorted downstream effector proteins regulating neurotransmitter... 

For example, the stimulation of )6-adrenoceptors by noradrenaline results in the activation of adenylate cyclase on the irmer side of the nerve membrane. This enz)nne catalyses the breakdown of ATP to the very labile, high-energy compound cyclic 3,5-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Cyclic AMP then activates a protein kinase which, by phosphorylating specific membrane proteins, opens an ion charmel to cause an efflux of potassium and an influx of sodium ions. Such receptors are termed metabotropic receptors. 

TTie second messenger, for example cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), then activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase which modulates the function of a broad range of membrane receptors, intracellular enzymes, ion channels and transcription factors. 

The activation of adenylyl cyclase enables it to catalyze the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to 3 5 -cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which in turn can activate a number of enzymes known as kinases. Each kinase phosphorylates a specific protein or proteins. Such phosphorylation reactions are known to be involved in the opening of some calcium channels as well as in the activation of other enzymes. In this system, the receptor is in the membrane with its binding site on the outer surface. The G protein is totally within the membrane while the adenylyl cyclase is within the membrane but projects into the interior of the cell. The cAMP is generated within the cell (see Rgure 10.4). 

Uterine relaxation is mediated in part through inhibition of MLCK. This inhibition results from the phosphorylation of MLCK that follows the stimulation of myometrial (3-adrenoceptors relaxation involves the activity of a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) mediated protein kinase, accumulation of Ca++ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and a decrease in cytoplasmic Ca. Other circulating substances that favor quiescence of uterine smooth muscle include progesterone, which increases throughout pregnancy, and possibly prostacyclin. Progesterone s action probably involves hyperpolarization of the muscle cell membrane, reduction of impulse conduction in muscle cells, and increased calcium binding to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 

---