Addition acid imides

For carbon nucleophiles sequential addition of 2-potassio-2-nitropropane and oxygen to 4-arylidene-2-phenyl-5(47/)-oxazolones 623 has been reported (Scheme 7.200). The process involves a Michael reaction of the 2-nitropropane anion followed by reaction with molecular oxygen and elimination of nitrous acid to yield 2-aryl butenoic acid imides 626. 

Poly(imide)s first became commercially important with the development of the condensation poly(imide) Kapton [4, 5] in 1965. The two-step reaction of a dianhydride (pyromellitic dianhydride) with a diamine (p-phenylene diamine) to initially form a poly(amic acid), and subsequent thermal cycliz-ation to form the poly(imide), is a common route to the formation of poly-(imide)s, as well as being exploited for the synthesis of oligomeric precursors for addition poly(imide)s. Usually, such condensation polymers are insoluble... 

Without additional reagents N-a-Aminodicarboxylic acid imides from azomethines... 

The derivatization methods available for amides and imides is not so vast as for other classes of amino compounds (remember that numerous amides themselves are used as the target analytical derivatives of amino compounds). The active hydrogen atoms in the stmctural fragments -CO-NH- or SO2-NH- are rather acidic and, hence, sometimes the recommended acetyl or TFA derivatives of these compounds (with additional acidic protection groups) are unstable with respect to hydrolysis. 

The condensation of an aldehyde with ethyl cyanoacetate and ammonia to give 4-alkyl-3,5-dicyano-6-hydroxy-2-pyridone (XIl-198) probably proceeds through the oxidation of an intermediate glutaric acid imide -197). Only small amounts of the reduction products (XI-199)could be isolated. Additional pathways for the oxidation of W-197 to XII-198 were not excluded. ... 

Without additional reagents N-Thiodicarboxylic acid imides from thioethers s. 16, 370 w.a.r. /CO S-N( co- ... 

Addition of N-halogenodicarboxylic acid imides to carbon-carbon double bonds... 

Without additional reagents Iminosulfonic acid chlorides from sulfinic acid imides... 

Optiinization of the aza-Michael addition of imides (286) to enones (285) has led to the identification of the cinchonidine-derived thiourea (284) and camphorsulfonic acid as the best organocatalytic system, affording (287) with <95% ee ... 

Without additional reagents Reaction with divinylmercury N-(Vinylmercuric)dicarboxylic acid imides from N-halogenodiearboxylic acid imides... 

As an example, the crystal growth of P.R.179 can be drastically inhibited (Figure 8-15) by the addition of a few percent of perylene dicarboxylic acid imide (PDCI) . The changes in particle size are accompanied by significant modifica-... 

Besides this certainiy most important method of end group stabiiization of poiyoxy-methyiene with acetic anhydride, other compounds, such as aiiphatic and aromatic anhydrides or carbon acid imide have also been used, some in the presence of acidic catalysts such as Lewis acids or sulfonic acids. In addition to alkali acetates and tertiary amines as basic catalysts, the following are also mentioned polyamides, polypyrrolidones, or quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts. 

Addition onto Imid Acid Esters, Imidamides, and Imidoyl Chlorides... 

In general, the PET decarboxylation of carboxylic acids exhibits low product selectivity, due to the subsequent radical coupling in solution however, the PET reaction between potassium propionate and the methyl ester of N-methyltrimellitic acid imide is highly regioselective to the para-addition product. This contrasts with other intramolecular and intermolecular PET reactions of quinolinic acid imides, which do not show a high degree of regioselectivity (Scheme S)." ... 

Without additional reagents N-Aminodicarboxylic acid imides from dicarboxylic acid anhydrides... 

To avoid these problems, refiners commonly use additives called detergents" (Hall et al., 1976), (Bert et al., 1983). These are in reality surfactants made from molecules having hydrocarbon chains long enough to ensure their solubility in the fuel and a polar group that enables them to be absorbed on the walls and prevent deposits from sticking. The most effective chemical structures are succinimides, imides, and fatty acid amines. The required dosages are between 500 and 1000 ppm of active material. 

N). This area of the process has received considerable attention in recent years as companies strive to improve efficiency and reduce waste. Patents have appeared describing addition of SO2 to improve ion-exchange recovery of vanadium (111), improved separation of glutaric and succinic acids by dehydration and distillation of anhydrides (112), formation of imides (113), improved nitric acid removal prior to dibasic acid recovery (114), and other claims (115). 

Clearly, in the case of (66) two amide tautomers (72) and (73) are possible, but if both hydroxyl protons tautomerize to the nitrogen atoms one amide bond then becomes formally cross-conjugated and its normal resonance stabilization is not developed (c/. 74). Indeed, part of the driving force for the reactions may come from this feature, since once the cycloaddition (of 72 or 73) has occurred the double bond shift results in an intermediate imidic acid which should rapidly tautomerize. In addition, literature precedent suggests that betaines such as (74) may also be present and clearly this opens avenues for alternative mechanistic pathways. 

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