Acyl compounds general formula

Ethylmalonic Acid.—Like acetoacetic ester (see p. 83), diethylmalonate contains the gioup CO.CHj.CO. By the action of sodium or sodium alroholate, the hydrogen atoms of the methylene group are successively replaceable by sodium. The sodium atoms are in turn replaceable by alkyl or acyl groups. Thus, in the present preparation, ethyl malonic ester is obtained by the action of ethyl iodide on the monosodium compound. If this substance be treated with a second molecule of sodium alcoholate and a second molecule of alkyl iodide, a second radical would be in roduced, and a compound formed of the general formula... 

Thioester Compound resulting from the bonding of sulfur with an acyl group with the general formula R-S-CO-R ... 

The compound so formed is clearly one in which the amino group is linked to the acyl group, the general formula being R—CO—NH2. In the original acid the hydroxyl group has been replaced by the amino group. These compounds are known as acid amides or simply amides. The amide derived from acetic acid is called acet-amide, CH3—CO—NH2. 

Azo compounds can be regarded as substitution products of diimine HN=NH, but, unlike this parent, azo compounds of general formula RN=NR are stable. R and R may be the same or different aromatic or heteroaromatic groups or R may be aromatic and R aliphatic however, wholly aliphatic azo compounds are also known. Further, the azo group may be linked to an aromatic or aliphatic acyl group (giving an acylazo compound). Finally, R and R may be secondary amino groups (1,1,4,4-tetrasubstituted 2-tetra-zenes). 

M acid or acyl halides these are organic compounds containing die group —CO.X, where X is a halogen. Acyl chlorides, have the general formula R.CO.Cl. In systemi-caily naming acyl halides the names end with the suffix -oyl, e.g. ethanoyi chloride CH3COCI. 

The numerous amino-adds which are met in the products of advanced tryptic hydrol)rsis are of quite different constitution. Some possess only an add function and an amine function others are di-adds and mono-amines, or mono-adds and di-amines. Some have an alcohol function others are sulphur products. Finally, these compounds are sometimes of straight chain, sometimes of dosed chain constitution. Yet, we may say that all answer to the general formula, R — CHCNHj) — COjH, which shows that there is at least a grouping NHj fixed on the C adjacent to carboxyl, R bdng an acyl, an aromatic or heterocyclic radical. The following is a list of these compounds ... 

The other way to generate thioesters at the penultimate step of penem synthesis is acylation of silver thiolates 226. These compounds are conveniently obtained by cleavage of the corresponding trityl sulfides 225 with silver nitrate and methanol [51a, 144] trityl methyl ether and nitric acid (trapped by pyridine or, better, imidazole) are liberated in the process. Tetrahydropyranylthioethers 227 [145] and acetyl thioesters 228 [51a, 52] were also reported to be cleavable to the corresponding argentiothio-phosphoranes of general formula 226. 

Thioester, acylmercaptan a compound of the general formula RS - CO-R,. The thioester (acylmercaptan) bond is energy-rich. All fatty acyl coenzyme A derivatives (activated fatty acids, e.g. acetyl-CoA) are T. During substrate phosphorylation on glyceral-dehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase a thiol group of the enzyme forms an energy-rich intermediate T. 

Acyloxy)methyl carbamates (and A-[l-(acyloxy)alkoxycarbonyl] compounds in general) have the formula RR,N-C0-0-CHR,/-0-C0-R,/, where R" = H or Me, and COR " = acyl. Acetoxymethyl carbamates of model amines have yielded important information on the possibilities and limitations of these potential prodrugs. For secondary amine derivatives, a clean mechanism of activation was characterized, shown in Fig. 8.19 for one of the model compounds investigated [209]. Hydrolysis of the terminal ester moiety (Fig. 8.19, Reaction a) triggers the two subsequent breakdown reactions (Fig. 8.19, Reactions b and c). For compound 8.162 (Fig. 8.19), the tu2 value in buffer at pH 7.4 and 37° was 98 h, while it was 6.2 h in human plasma [210]. The parent secondary amine was hydrolyzed quantitatively. 

The so-called acylanthranils played an important role in the discussion on the structure of anthranils. Heller regarded the possibility of obtaining them by acylation of anthranils as evidence for structure 164, and for the lactam structure for anthranils in general. However, he was soon forced to reconsider this view. In particular, it was realized that the product from ethyl chloroformate and anthranil was not anthranil carboxylic ester,243 but rather the known compound isatoic anhydride (165).1I7,121,289, 291-293 jsatoic anhydride and benzoyl chloride formed benzoylanthranil, 291,294 and the structural connection between the two compounds was recognized. Nevertheless, structure 163, (R = Ph), first suggested by Angeli,295 and undoubtedly correct, has been too often overlooked, and some later authors, even up to the present day, have persisted with the lactam formula.296-301... 

At an early date it was noticed that di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) (Section 12.13) and other nerve gas compounds were very effective against flies and other pests. Pioneering work in this field carried out in Germany by Schrader over 60 years ago led to his proposing the general insecticide formula (12.95a), where R = alkyl, alkoxy, amino, X=0 or S, and acyl = any acid anion such as F, CN, SH and so on. 

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