Actuator polymer-based

The intercalation of dopants to conducting polymer chains leads to an increase in volume of up to 30 % [8], This property is used in actuators (polymer-based artificial muscles). Bilayer structure of polypyrrole-based anode and cathode is a simple model. At anode, p-doping of polymer occurs to swell, while the other side shrinks because of the expulsion of counterions. This volume changes promote a bend of the layers. The change of poles cancels the volume changes and gives rise to the movement in the opposite direction. 

Conventional solid-state actuators and valves such as peristaltic pumps and solenoid valves require external power and complex fabrication schemes which limit their use in many microfluidic applications. Of particular interest at the moment is the development of low-cost, efficient, polymer-based actuators and valves for sample handling in microfluidics systems. 

Refs. [i] Strike DJ, De Rooij NF, Koudelka-Hep M (1993) Sens Actuators B 13-14 61 [ii] Schuhmann W (2002) Rev Molecular Biotechnol 82 425 (see also references in Biosensors, conducting polymer based ) [Hi] a) Kurzawa C, Hengstenberg A, Schuhmann W (2002) Anal Chem 74 355 b) Ngounou B, Neugebauer S, Frodl A, Reiter S, Schuhmann W (2004) Electrochim Acta 49 3855... 

Intelligent Polymer Systems possess the ability to sense, process information and actuate responses based on the environment to which the structure is exposed. In addition, the structure may require energy to implement these functions and so energy conversion/storage capabilities are desirable. Ideally these functions would be integrated at the molecular level. 

The energy conversion from light to mechanical response is one of the most fascinating targets in or nic photochromic systems. Section 15.2 already indicated the light-driven droplet displacement. This section introduces the motion of Az polymers themselves. Rapid motions observed here mi t allow for applications of actuators of polymer-based micromachine systems. The photoinduced surface-relief generation described in the latter part of this section (Section 15.4.2) deals with much thicker films than monolayers. Howevei the mass miration in thicker films is closely related to the structure and properties of the monolayer systems. 

Hierlemann, A. Weimar, U. Kraus, G. Schweizer-Berberich, M. Gopel, W., Polymer-based sensor arrays and multicomponent analysis for the detection of hazardous organic vapours in the environment, Sens. Actuators B 1995, 26, 126-134... 

Tchoupo, G. N. Guiseppi-Elie, A., On padern recognition dependency of desorption heat, activation energy, and temperature of polymer-based VOC sensors for the electronic NOSE, Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 2005, 110, 81-88. 

Du FB, Tang CY, Xie XL et al (2009) Carbon nanotube enhanced gripping in polymer-based actuators. J Phys Chem C 113 7223-7226... 

Wang XL, Oh IK, Lu J, Ju J, Lee S (2007) Biomimetic electro-active polymer based on sulfonated poly (styrene-bethylene-co-butylene-b-styrene). Mater Lett 61 5117 Nemat-Nasser S (2002) Micromechanics of actuation of ionic polymer-metal composites. 

J. Ding, D. Zhou, G. Spinks, G. Wallace, D. Forsyth, M. Fors)hh, and D. MacFarlane, Use of ionic liquids as electrolytes in electromechanical actuator systems based on inherently conducting polymers, Chem. Mater., 15 (12), 2392-2398 (2003). 

Zhao J, Cheng F, Yu Y. Light-responsive actuation materials based on the photodeformable liquid crystal polymers. In Esteve J, Ter-entjev EM, Campo EM, editors. Nano-opto-mechanical systems (NOMS). SPIE - International society for optical engineering 2011. p. 810705-8. 

Moss ED, Han A, Frazier AB (2007) A fabrication technology for multi-layer polymer-based microsystems with integrated fluidic and electrical functionality. Sens Actuators B 121 689-697... 

Ding, J., et al. 2003. Use of ionic liquids as electrolytes in electromechanical actuator systems based on inherently conducting polymers. Chem Mater 15 2392. 

Madden, P. G. A. (2003). Development and Modeling of Conducting Polymer Actuators and the Fabrication of a Conducting Polymer Based Feedback Loop, Ph.D. thesis, MIT. 

Mazzoldi, A. and De Rossi, D. (2000). Conductive-polymer-based structures for a steerable catheter, in Y. Bar-Cohen (ed.), Smart Structures and Materials 2000 Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA), pp. 273-280. 

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