Action at a distance

This expression relates the action-at-a-distance forces between atoms to the macroscopic deformations and dominated adhesion theoiy for the next several decades. The advent of quantum mechanics allowed the interatomic interactions giving rise to particle adhesion to be understood in greater depth. 

As indicated, an implicit assumption of the JKR theory is that there are no interactions outside the contact radius. More specifically, the energy arguments used in the development of the JKR theory do not allow specific locations of the adhesion forces to be determined except that they must be associated with the contact line where the two surfaces of the particle and substrate become joined. Adhesion-induced stresses act at the surface and not a result of action-at-a-distance interatomic forces. This results in a stress singularity at the circumference of the contact radius [41]. The validity of this assumption was first questioned by Derjaguin et al. [42], who proposed an alternative model of adhesion (commonly referred to as the DMT theory ). Needless to say, the predictions of the JKR and DMT models are vastly different, as discussed by Tabor [41]. 

The blocking effect of the methyl group in 4-methylpteridine has been found to decrease the ratio of the hydrated to the anhydrous species in the neutral molecule and in the cation,but the small proportion of hydrated cation rapidly undergoes the ring-opening reaction 19 20 and hence is steadily regenerated from its anhydrous form. 2-Methylpteridine behaves like pteridine, but in 7-methyl-pteridine the action at a distance (+M) effect of the methyl group (see Section III,C,2) produced a smaller ratio of the hydrated to anhydrous species. 

Fern-sprecher, m. telephone, -steuenmg, /. remote control, -wirkung, /. distance effect, action at a distance remote control, -zeich-Qung, /. perspective drawing. 

The stereoelectronic features produce actions at a distance by the agency of the recognition forces they create. These forces are the hydrophobic effect, and the capacity to enter ionic bonds, van der Waals interactions and H-bonding interactions. The most convenient and informative assessment of such recognition forces is afforded by computahon in the form of MIFs, e.g. lipophilicity fields, hydrophobicity fields, molecular electrostatic potentials (MEPs) and H-bonding fields (see Chapter 6) [7-10]. 

Some Basics. The field theory of electrostatics expresses experimentally observable action-at-a-distance phenomena between electrical charges in terms of the vector electric field E (r, t), which is a function of position r and time t. Accordingly, the electric field is often interpreted as force per unit charge. Thus, the force exerted on a test charge q, by this electric field is qtE. The electric field due to a point charge q in a dielectric medium placed at the origin r = 0 of a spherical coordinate system is... 

Robinson defined conjugation as the transfer of free partial valency to an adjacent atom or to the end of a chain of atoms "It is the explanation of action at a distance in a molecule."98 By assuming the possibility of subdivision of valency, reactions could be represented as "being almost continuous and with... 

Language is thereby seen to be a kind of parapsychological ability since it involves action at a distance and telekinesis, albeit... 

Instantaneous action at a distance, represented here by longitudinal components, can thus be interpreted as a classical equivalent of nonlocal quantum interactions [2]. 

Thus, the phase difference is related to the time integral of the electric field (the electric impulse) on the contour. At some time t the electric field (or its contour integral) can be zero, while the corresponding impulse (time integral) is non zero. What some might term action at a distance (from the magnetic field away from C) is mathematically equivalent to action from a previous time (when the electric field was present on C), assuming zero initial conditions. 

A. Kyprianidis and J. P. Vigier, Action-at-a-distance The mystery of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations, in F. Selleri (Ed.), Quantum Mechanics versus Local Realism The Einstein-Podolsky—Rosen Paradox, ISBN 0-30-642739-7, Plenum, New York, 1988, p. 273. 

N. Cufaro-Petroni, C. Dewdney, P. R. Holland, A. Kyprianidis, and J. P. Vigier, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen constraints on quantum action at a distance The Sutherland paradox, Found. Phys. 17(8), 759-773 (1987). 

J. P Vigier, Non-local quantum potential interpretation of relativistic actions at a distance in many-body problems, in G. Tarozzi and A. Van der Merwe (Eds.), Open Questions in Quantum Physics. Invited Papers on the Foundations of Microphysics, in (Bari, Italy, May 1983), ISBN 9-02-771853-9, Reidel, Dordrecht, 1985, pp. 297-332. 

N. Cufaro-Petroni and J. P. Vigier, Causal action-at-a distance interpretation of the Aspect-Rapisarda experiments, Phys. Lett. A 93A(8), 383-387 (1983). 

A. Garuccio and J. P. Vigier, An experiment to interpret E.P.R. action-at-a-distance The possible detection of real de Broglie waves, Epistemol. Lett. (1981) (includes reply by O. Costa de Beauregard). 

Each constituent suffers actions of three kinds the prescribed actions at a distance, represented by the densities of body force bi, microforce 7., and heating A the contact actions, represented by the stress 7), the microstress St and the heating flux q% the internal microactions... 

Kaludov NK, Wolffe AP. MeCP2 driven transcriptional repression in vitro selectivity for methylated DNA, action at a distance and contacts with the basal transcription machinery. Nucleic Acids Res 2000 28 1921-1928. 

The vector quantity px represents both the convective mass flux and the concentration of linear momentum. Its vector product x x px with a position vector x from some axis of rotation represents the concentration of angular momentum about that axis. If g= — V is an external body or action-at-a-distance force per unit mass, where is a potential energy field, then the vector pg represents the volumetric rate of generation or production of linear momentum. The vector x x pg is the volmetric production rate of angular momentum. 

Mortality in one subpopulation has ecologically significant effects on nondosed subpopulations ( action at a distance ). 

It also remains to be seen whether the present picture would allow for gravitational waves as predicted by the Einstein s general theory of relativity. On one hand, the present quantum model would not be against "action at a distance" on the other hand, a different, perhaps a soliton-like mechanism, would be needed to produce the latter. 

Thus, any quantum system that can be localized would play the role of a measuring device or as a device able to be used and/or integrated with others in more involved circuitry. The concept of quantum states for quantum measurements may help developing a rational quantum-physical framework with no spooky action at a distance, etc. Extensions leading to... 

The idea of an atom has been so constantly associated with incredible assumptions of infinite strength, absolute rigidity, mystical actions at a distance and indivisibility, that chemists and many other reasonable naturalists of modem times, losing all patience with it, have dismissed it to the realms of metaphysics, and made it smaller than "anything we can conceive". 

The idea of action at a distance was resisted both by Newton, and by Einstein [42] who called it "spooky", but it has now been demonstrated experimentally [43, 44] that local realistic theory cannot account for correlations between measurements performed at well separated sites. The conclusion is that quantum theory permits hidden variables and is non-local. This conclusion is at variance with relativity, but, as pointed out by Bohm [34], the nonlocality of quantum theory only applies to complex wave functions and does not imply that the quantum potential can be used to transmit signals faster than light. 

Because of the EPR effect quantum systems that have interacted before remain correlated even when the interaction no longer persists. The experiments have shown that, even when all interaction comes to an end, information about the second of a pair of particles can be obtained by performing a measurement on the first. The conclusion is that the physical world cannot be correctly described by a realistic local theory. It is necessary either to abandon the criterion of reality or to accept the possibility of action at a distance. The latter occurs because each particle is described by a wave function which is, in general, a non-local entity that collapses when a measurement is made. This collapse is instantaneous and complete. It occurs everywhere, also at the position of a particle not involved in the measurement and therefore predicts the correlation of distant events. Most particles or aggregates of particles, usually regarded as separate objects, have interacted in the past with other objects and must hence remain correlated and to constitute an indivisible entangled whole. This observation represents the scientific rediscovery [45] of holism [46]. 

The cations of quinazolines that have a strong —I substituent (e.g. Cl, NO2) are almost completely hydrated, and those with a weaker —I, or with +1, substituent (e.g. OMe, OH, NHg, Me) may contain a small proportion (about 10-25%) of the anhydrous cation. Two important exceptions are now discussed. Substituents in the 4-position, whether —lov+I, have a strong dehydrating effect (cf. Section II, C). Again, when a strongly tautomeric (-t-T ) substituent (sometimes called a mesomeric substituent) is placedporo (i.e. in position 7) to the carbon atom C-4, the tendency to hydrate is strongly reduced. This example of action at a distance was demonstrated in 7-methoxy-,... 

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