Distance effect

Fern-sprecher, m. telephone, -steuenmg, /. remote control, -wirkung, /. distance effect, action at a distance remote control, -zeich-Qung, /. perspective drawing. 

Similar results are described by K. Nakatani and I. Saito in their article of this volume. The distance effect is in accord with a single step charge shift between the guanines where the A T base pairs act as bridge that are not oxidized during the reaction, as described in the articles of J. Jortner, F.D. Lewis as well as D. Beratan and M. A. Ratner in this volume. 

Waser, N. M and Price, M. V. (1994). Crossing-distance effects in Delphinium nelsonii outbreeding and inbreeding depression in progeny fitness. Evolution 48 842-852. 

Another extension is in the field of alicyclic compounds (7, 112). In steroid compounds it has been proved that long-distance effects, e.g. from position 17 to 3 and vice versa, affect polarographic half-wave potentials. Finally it has been demonstrated (7, 113) that Hammett and Taft substituent constants can be used as a first approximation to express the substituent effects in numerous types of mono- and polycyclic heterocyclic compounds. 

Mucoadhesive polymers exhibiting strong complexing properties are capable of inhibiting intestinal brush border membrane-bound proteases through a far distance inhibitory effect [65]. In vivo, the mucoadhesive polymer is separated from the brush border membrane by a mucus layer [30]. Although there is no direct contact between polymer- and membrane-bound enzymes, it could be shown that inhibition takes place. The exploitation of this far distance effect seems to be a very promising alternative to small molecular mass inhibitors, which are currently used as inhibitors of brush border membrane-bound proteases. 

Andrew Kaldor Will the panel members please join us up front I will read the question from here. One questions was Are there ways to overcome the distance effect on collaboration ... 

Within the Standard Model, ae is not sensitive to the short-distance effects. Thus ae is used primarily to test the renormalization theory of QED. Our current goal for ae is to calculate the coefficient of the a4 term to a precision of 0.01. This corresponds to the uncertainty of 0.3 x 10-12 in ae. With the matching improvement in experiment, this will provide a with a precision of 10-9 or better. How far can we go beyond this It is certainly feasible and desirable to improve it further by another factor of 4. This is just a matter of computer time. (It will require about 10 million hours of computing time.) However, improving the a4 term much further will not make sense until the tenth-order term is evaluated or estimated reliably which will be of the order of... 

Owing to the sudden pressure effect, all explosions produce a shock wave in the surrounding air this compression shock is the principle of the long-distance effect of explosions. If the propagation of the shock... 

The Symbolic Distance Effect (SDE) obtained with monkeys (McGonigle Chalmers, 1992), plotted conventionally and also separately from the slow and the fast end-points of the series. 

McGonigle, B., and Chalmers, M. (1984). The selective impact of question form and input mode on the symbolic distance effect in children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 37, 525-554. 

Fu, Y. and Lakowicz, J.R. (2006) Enhanced fluorescence of Cy5-labelled oligonucleotides near silver island films a distance effect study using single molecule spectroscopy. JPhys Chem B 110 22557-62. 

Alkanethiol-based or alkylsiloxane-based SAMs have been profitably employed in all these instances to probe the distance effect in electron-transfer dynamics. The thiol-based SAMs have the virtue that the spacer length can be predictably altered simply by varying the number of methylene units in the chain. The distance dependence of is embodied in the parameter f, the decay coefficient (for a critical discussion of the subtleties involved in the extraction and interpretation of this parameter, see Ref. [399]). A value of 0.49 0.07 has been reported for f for n-InP-alkanethiol-ferrocyanide interfaces [403]. This value is smaller than its counterpart for corresponding films on gold surfaces which range from 0.6 to 1.1 per methylene unit. The reason for this difference is not entirely clear, although several hypotheses were advanced by the authors [403]. 

---