Acrylic acid table

Popov et al. (75KGS1678) have described similar transformations for /3-(l-methyl-3-indazolyl)-Q -bromoacrylic and /3-(2-methyl-3-indazolyl)-Q -bromo-acrylic acids (Table TX). The treatment of the bromoacrylic acids with alcohol... 

Further examples of attempts to replace olefins by alkanes as a starting materials, as in the maleic anhydride process, are the development of processes for selective oxidation and ammoxidation. Examples are processes for acrolein, acrylic acid (Table 2, entry 19) and acrylonitrile (Table 2, entry 20) using propane as a feedstock... 

Finally, it should be noted that MCMs are metal complexes with specific ligands, and polymerization is only one of their functions. Generally, these compounds can participate in all the reactions typical of compounds with double bonds. Thus it was foimd under model conditions that, on hydrogenation, metal acrylates are converted into the corresponding propionates.It should be mentioned that the effective energy of activation and enthalpy of the reaction is higher than that of acrylic acid (Table 7). 

Table 1. Physical Properties of Acrylic Acid Derivatives...

Acrylic acid is a moderately strong carboxylic acid. Its dissociation constant is 5.5 x 10. Vapor pressure as a function of temperature is given in Table 4 for acrylic acid and four important esters (4,16—18). The lower esters form a2eotropes both with water and with their corresponding alcohols. 

Table 4. Vapor Pressures of Acrylic Acid and Important Esters, kPa...

Table 5. Acute Toxicity of Acrylic Acid and Esters...

The physical properties of the principal commercial acryhc esters are given ia Table 4. A more comprehensive listing of physical properties, including other less common acrylates, is provided ia the article Acrylic acid and derivatives. 

Table 3. Properties of Poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) Salts ...

Brackets signify a trivial name no longer ia use. At 101.3 kPa = 1 atm unless otherwise noted ia kPa as a subscript. At 20°C unless otherwise noted by a superscript number (°C). At 20°C unless otherwise noted. To convert to cal, divide by 4.184. 70°C. Heat of combustion (Uquid). At50°C. To convert kPa to mm Hg, multiply by 7.5. In the alkenoic series of molecular formula 2 2 metbacrylic, undecjlenic, oleic, and emcic acids have important appHcations (Table 2). Acryhc and metbacrylic acids have a petrochemical origin, and undecylenic, oleic, and emcic acids have natural origins (see Acrylic ACID AND DERIVATIVES Methacrylic acid and derivatives). Table 2. Physical Properties of the Straight-Chain Alkenoic Acids, (2n-2) 2 ... 

Structure. For example, acrylic acid in an acrylate polymer is not tolerated as well as methacrylic acid. For acrylate polymers in TFiF, approximate levels of some polar monomers are shown in Table 19.1. 

So far, many kinds of nucleophiles active for hydrolysis such as imidazolyl-, amino-, pyridino-, carboxyl- and thiol-groups, have been used for preparation of hydrolase models. Overberger et al.108,1091 prepared copolymers of vinylimidazole and acrylic acid 60 (PVIm AA), by which the cationic substrate, 61 (ANTI), was hydrolyzed. This kind of copolymer is considered to be a model of acetylcholinesterase. With ANTI, the rate of the copolymer catalysis was higher than that of imidazole itself in the higher values of pH, as is seen in Table 9. In this work, important contributions of the electrostatic interactions are clear. The activity of the copolymer was not as high with the negatively charged and neutral substrates. 

RDX may be substituted for HMX in the formulation. Ethyl acrylate-acrylic acid copolymer (EA/AA) consists of from 90 to 96 parts acrylate and from 4 to about 10 parts acrylic acid. Those in Table 5 are about 95 parts ethyl acrylate and 5 parts acrylic acid. TVOPA is a difluoramino plasticizer for the EA/AA binders. Projected cost data for BTTN range from 1 /4 to 1 /6 that of TVOPA. 

Baldwin (Ref 65) also synthesized a copolymer from acrylic acid and carboranylmethyl acrylate which was used to make the proplnts in Table 36. Composition A has the burning rates shown in the table for the AP particle sizes indicated. Composition B had an average AP particle size of 15 microns and a burning... 

In fl-trimethylsilylcarboxylic acids the non-Kolbe electrolysis is favored as the carbocation is stabilized by the p-effect of the silyl group. Attack of methanol at the silyl group subsequently leads in a regioselective elimination to the double bond (Eq. 29) [307, 308]. This reaction has been used for the construction of 1,4-cyclohexa-dienes. At first Diels-Alder adducts are prepared from dienes and P-trimethylsilyl-acrylic acid as acetylene-equivalent, this is then followed by decarboxylation-desilyl-ation (Eq. 30) [308]. Some examples are summarized in Table 11, Nos. 12-13. 

As was noted previously, Hine and Bailey (16, 17) have obtained correlation of rate data for the reaction of tra s-3-substituted acrylic acids and diphenyl-diazomethane with the Hammett equation. Bowden has reported correlation of rate data for the reaction of tra s-3-substituted acrylic acids with diphenyl-diazomethane (59) and the alkaline hydrolysis of trans-3-substituted methyl acrylates (69) with the Hammett equation. Sufficient data are available for nine sets of rate studies. The sets studied are reported in Table VIII. The results of the correlations are given in Table IX. Of the nine sets studied, seven gave... 

Ionization constants of czs-3-substituted acrylic acids have been correlated with the Hammett equation by Hogeveen (58) and by Charton (60). Charton has correlated ionization constants for a number of other c/s-vinylene sets with the Hammett equation (60). Charton and Charton have correlated some cw-vinylene sets with the extended Hammett equation [eq. (2)] (73). Sufficient data are available for twelve sets of cis-vinylene equilibria, of which four sets represent ionization constants of hydroxy compounds (sets 12-1 to 12-4) and eight sets represent ionization constants of carboxylic acids (sets 12-5 to 12-12). All sets have been correlated with eq. (24) and eq. (2). Sets studied are reported in Table XII. Results of the correlations are reported in Table XIII. Sets designated A were correlated with eq. (24), sets designated B were correlated with eq. (2). In the case of the second ionization constant of 2,3,5,6-tetrahydroxy-l,4-benzoquinone (set 12-3), it is uncertain which hydroxyl group ionizes therefore, the value for X = OH was excluded from the correlation. All of the sets 12-1 to 12-4 gave significant correlations with both eq. (24) and eq. (2),... 

With regard to the composition of the electrical effects, values of pj for the sets studied are reported in Table XIV. The sets in which the hydroxyl group is the reaction site generally exhibit a Pr value of about 39. The cis-3-substituted acrylic acids show a p value of 39 in aqueous solution. The value of 71 obtained in 50% aqueous ethanol seems too large. 

Data are extant in the literature for two other sets of ethynylene compounds. The sets studied are reported in Table XXXIII. Results of correlation are set forth in Table XXXIV and values of Pr in Table XXXV. The ionization constants of 3-substituted propiolic acids, which were first correlated with the Hammett equation by Charton (18), gave an excellent correlation with eq. (2) (set 22-27-1). The results are very much improved by the elimination of the value for X = H (set 33-27-2). The composition of the electrical effect corresponds approximately to that of the Op constants. The magnitude of the electrical effect is significantly less than that observed for the rrans-3-substituted acrylic acids. 

Table 2 Enantioselective hydrogenation of a-acylamino acrylic acid derivatives...

This is a reasonable inference, because site binding is significant only with multivalent cations and strong electrostatic interactions. Under these conditions ion polarization occurs and bonds have some covalent character (Cotton Wilkinson, 1966). This is illustrated by the data of Gregor, Luttinger Loebl (1955a,b). They measured the complexation constants of poly(acrylic acid), 0 06 n in aqueous solution, with various divalent metals, which, as it so happens, are of interest to AB cements (Table 4.1). The order of stability was found to be... 

Table 5.1. Compressive strength of metal oxide-poly acrylic acid) cements Elliott, Holliday Hornsby, 1975 Hornsby, 1977)...

Using this information. Crisp et al. (1977, 1979) and Hornsby et al. (1982) selected candidate minerals for cement formation with poly(acrylic acid) and found a number of minerals that formed cements (Table 5.4). 

The following account is based mainly on the early studies of Crisp, Wilson and coworkers (Crisp Wilson, 1974a,b, 1976 Crisp et al, 1974) who used glass G-200 and 50% solutions of poly(acrylic acid), and is supported by the later studies of Nicholson et al. (1988b) using glass G-309. The compositions of materials used are shown in Table 5.8. 

Good bonding was obtained to several substrates under aqueous conditions. Values obtained were 41 to 10-3 MPa to composite resins, and 9-8 to 15-6 MPa to stainless steel (Table 9.6). They were also reported as adhering to porcelain. No adhesion was obtained to untreated dentine or enamel. The cements could be bonded to enamel etched with add (3-5 MPa) and to dentine conditioned with poly(acrylic acid) (10 MPa). 

Acrylic acid (AA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) (purchased from Merck) are freed from inhibitor on a neutral aluminium oxid column and distilled. Acrylamide (AM) from Kebo, Stockholm, is recrystallized once from chloroform solution before use. Other monomers of analytical grade were purchased from Merck and used as received crotonic acid (CA), tiglic acid (TA), 3-methyl crotonic acid (3-MCA), and a-methyl cinnamic acid (oi-MCia) (Table 1). Benzophenone (analytical grade, Kebo) and acetone (spectroscope grade, Merck) were used as supplied. 

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