Acidus

Acids and bases are determined by their properties. The word acid comes from the Latin word acidus, which means sour. For example, lemon juice tastes sour because it contains citric acid. Sauerkraut, another sour-tasting food, is cabbage fermented in lactic acid. In fact, sauer (pronounced almost exactly like the English word sour) in German means acid. Sour cream also has lactic acid in it. 

Fig. 93. Phyllanthus acidus. Forest Department herbarium, Brunei. Brun 5171. Geographical localization kedayan, Cheramai. Jalan Muara, South Lumut. In old, secondary forest. 2/3/1959. 

Vongvanich N, Kittakoop P, Kramyu J, Tanticharoen M, Thebtaranonth Y. Phyllan-thusols A and B, cytotoxic norbisabolane glycosides from Phyllanthus acidus Skeels. J Org Chem 2000 65 5420-5423. 

Sengupta P, Mukhopadhyay J. Terpenoids and related compounds—VII triterpenoids of Phyllanthus acidus Skeels. Phytochemistry 1966 5 531-534. 

The structure of amabiose 26, a new disaccharide skeleton obtained from the rhizomes of Hemsleya amabilis, was confirmed by an X-ray crystallographic study <00T7433>. Two highly oxygenated norbisabolane derivatives, namely phyllanthusols A 27 and B 28, have been isolated from the roots of Phyllanthus acidus <00JOC5420>. 

Habib R, Rahman M, Mannan A, Zulfiker AH, Uddin ME, Sayeed MA. Evaluation of antioxidant, cytotoxic, antibacterial potential and phytochemical screening of chloroform extract of Phyllanthus acidus. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology. 2011 2(1) 420-427. 

I he term acid comes from the Latin acidus, which means sour. The sour... 

Sousa M, Ousingsawat J, Seitz R, Puntheeranurak S, Regalado A, Schmidt A, Grego T, Jansakul C, Amaral MD, Schreiber R, Kunzelmann K. 2007. An extract from the medicinal plant Phyllanthus acidus and its isolated compounds induce airway chloride secretion A potential treatment for cystic fibrosis. Mol Pharmacol 71 366-376. 

The term acid is derived from the Latin word acidus meaning sour. Arrhenius (1859-1927) of Sweden introduced the idea of compounds splitting into their constituent ions. Based on this idea, he was able to explain that the concentration of the hydrogen ions in water (aqueous solution) determined the strength of an acid. Arrhenius was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1903 for his work on ionization. Acids are classified as naturally occurring acids and mineral acids. 

For more than 300 years, substances that behaved like vinegar have been classified as acids, while those that have properties like the ash from a wood fire have been called alkalies or bases. The name acid comes from the Latin acidus, which means sour, and... 

Early acid-base theories — The word acid is derived from the Latin word acidus (sour) and the word alkaline is derived from the Arabic al-qily meaning calcinated ashes of plants . Already in the Middle Age, the most important strong acids, e.g., sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and hydrochloric acid had been described by alchemists. Until 1650, Paracelsus and others had characterized acids by their special properties. The terms acid and base were used for the first time by Otto Tachenius in 1666. Around 1675, Robert Boyle had stated that acids have a high dissolution power and can be characterized... 

The word "acid" comes from the Latin acidus, meaning "sour tasting." As you will learn in this chapter, bases are the "base" (the foundation) from which many other compounds form. A base that is soluble in water is called an alkali. The word "alkali" comes from an Arabic word meaning "ashes of a plant." In the ancient Middle East, people rinsed plant ashes with hot water to obtain a basic solution. The basic solution was then reacted with animal fats to make soap. 

One of Arrhenius s most important discoveries concerned the nature of acids. Acidic behavior was first associated with the sour taste of citrus fruits. In fact, the word acid comes directly from the Latin word acidus, meaning sour. The mineral acids sulfuric acid (H2S04) and nitric acid (HNO3), so named because they were originally obtained by the treatment of minerals, were discovered around 1300. 

Chemical terms such as anion and cation may be unfamiliar to most nonscientists, but acidhas found a place in everyday language. Commercials advertise the latest remedy for the heartburn caused by excess stomach acid. The nightly news may report the latest environmental impact of acid rain. Wine lovers know that wine sours because its alcohol has turned to acid. Acid comes from the Latin word acidus, meaning sour, because when tasting compounds was a routine method of identification, these compounds were sour. 

J.R. Glauber prepared nitric acid by heating saltpeter with sulfuric acid, a method that was used thereafter until recently replaced by the ammonium oxidation method. Glauber proved that his product was the same as the acids previously obtained by heating saltpeter with substances other than sulfuric acid. He called his acid aqua fortis spiritus acidus nitri , but it later became known as spiritus nitri fumans Glauberi . The French at first called it eau de depart , then I esprit de nitre finally I acide nitrique or I acide ayotie . 

In retortam vitream immitte et ex iis distillent in arense bal-neo, calore gradatim aucto, liquor acidus, oleum, et sal oleo-sum. 

For hundreds of years, substances that behaved like vinegar have been classified as acids, while those that have properties like the ash from a wood fire have been referred to as alkalies or bases. The name "acid" comes from the Latin acidus, which means "sour," and refers to the sharp odor and sour taste of many acids. Vinegar tastes sour because it is a dilute solution of acetic acid in water lemon juice is sour because it contains citric acid milk turns sour when it is spoilt because of the formation of lactic acid and the sour odor of rotten meat can be attributed to carboxylic acids, such as butyric acid formed when fat spoils. 

Acids and bases have been known by their properties since the early days of experimental chemistry. The word acid comes from the Latin acidus, meaning sour or tart, since water solutions of acids have a sour or tart taste. Lemons, grapefruit, and limes taste sour because they contain citric acid and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Another common acid is vinegar, which is the sour liquid produced when apple cider, grape juice, or other plant juices ferment beyond the formation of alcohol. Vinegar is a 5 percent wa-... 

Early chemists called any compound that tasted sour an acid (from acidus, Latin for sour ). Some familiar acids are citric acid (found in lemons and other citms fmits), acetic acid (found in vinegar), and hydrochloric acid (found in stomach acid— the sour taste associated with vomiting). Compounds that neutralize acids, such as wood ashes and other plant ashes, were called bases, or alkaline compounds ( ash in Arabic is al kalai). Glass cleaners and solutions designed to unclog drains are alkaline solutions. 

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