Acids functional class nomenclature

Other minor systems are also in use. Some are traditional, and some are very restricted in their application. These include acid nomenclature (inorganic, for oxoacids and derivatives), replacement nomenclature (mainly organic, to denote replacement of skeletal atoms in a parent rather than replacement of hydrogen atoms — oxa-aza replacement is one variant), functional class nomenclature (this is again principally organic and involves the use of type names such as alcohol, acid and ether) and subtractive nomenclatures (such as organic-deoxy and inorganic-debor). These will all be referred to briefly as appropriate. 

Substituent groups ( radicals ) derived from acids and certain derivatives thereof by removal of -OH from the functional group are generally called acyl groups and individually named by transforming the ending... ic acid to. ..yl or. ..oyl and. ..carboxylic acid to. ..carbonyl. The names thus formed can also be used in radicofunctional (functional class) nomenclature. 

Sugar amino acids (Saa) 1 are carbohydrate scaffolds that carry an amino and a carboxy function.12 Due to their structural and functional diversity, no detailed nomenclature for this class of amino acids has yet been established. Saa are found in nature as subunits of oligosaccharides (neuraminic acid 1) in cell walls of bacteria (muraminic acid 2) and in some antibiotics 3-6 (Scheme l). 2-8 ... 

We begin by discussing the relationship of metabolic acids and buffers to blood pH in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 focuses on the nomenclature, structure, and some of the properties of the major classes of compounds found in the human body. The structure of a molecule determines its function and its fate, and the common name of a compound can often tell you something about its structure. 

The chapters on organic chemistry (Chapters 1-6) were organized around the functional group concept. Each chapter dealt with a particular functional group or related groups. The nomenclature, properties, and uses of the compounds were discussed. The focus is different in this and the next four chapters (lipids, proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acids). Each of these chapters is devoted to a particular class of biomolecules—substances closely associated with life. Reactions and nomenclature receive much less emphasis more... 

The chemical properties of these molecules can be predicted based on the reactivity of the functional groups. Although the nomenclature of the major classes of organic compounds and their properties in terms of the functional groups will not be discussed until Chapter 24, we will frequently use organic compounds as examples to illustrate chanical bonding, acid-base reactions, and other properties throughout the book. 

The molecules of amino acids have two functional groups with different properties, the basic amino group and the acidic carboxyl group. Because the amino group can be bound to different carbon atoms on the hydrocarbon chain, the names of these compounds are derived from the position of this functional group. However, for this class of compounds, the traditional nomenclature in which the C-atoms are labeled not by numbers, but by letters of the Greek alphabet is still in use. In addition, the letter a does not correspond to the carbon atom labeled with number 1, but to the atom with the number 2. In this nomenclature there are a, p, y amino acids, etc. 

Several important classes of molecules have the carbonyl unit (-C=0) as a key part of their structure. They are generically known as carbonyl compounds. The chemistry associated with carbonyl compounds is important to many chemical reactions. The carbonyl unit is reactive because it is polarized and also contains a weak and reactive 7i-bond. This chapter is primarily dedicated to learning the identity, structure, and nomenclature of the key carbonyl-containing functional groups, as well as the most fundamental aspects of their chemical reactivity. These include aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and carboxylic acid derivatives. 

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