Functional groups carbonyl-containing

Table V is also an index to Table I it classifies the compounds according to the functional groups they contain. One frequently wants to examine data on carbonyl compounds, on unsaturated or halogenated ketones, or another more or less specific class of substances, and the purpose of Table V is to simplify searches of this sort. Pyruvic acid appears in Table V both among the ketones and among the carboxylic acids, and Inspection of either group would quickly reveal any closely related compound that appears in this volume.

Many substituted benzene rings undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution. Common substituents include halogens, OH, NH2, alkyl, and many functional groups that contain a carbonyl. Eiach substituent either increases or decreases the electron density in the benzene ring, and this affects the course of electrophilic aromatic substitution, as we will learn in Section 18.7. 

Since monosaccharide.s contain only two kinds of functional groups, carbonyls and hydroxyls, most of the chemistry of monosaccharides is the now familiar chemistry of these two groups. 

The wavenumbers of the absorbed IR radiation are characteristic of many bonds, so IR spectroscopy can determine which functional groups are contained in the sample. For example, the carbonyl (C=O) bond will absorb at 1650-1760cm. ... 

Monosaccharides can be named on the basis of the functional groups they contain. A monosaccharide with a ketone (carbonyl) group is a ketose. If an aldehyde (carbonyl) group is present, it is called an aldose. Because monosaccharides also contain many hydroxyl groups, they are sometimes called polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones. 

Sugars contain an aldehyde or ketone functional group (carbonyl group, C=0) as well as several hydroxyl groups (—OH). 

Carbonyl group (Sections 3.2C, 11.9, 20.1) A functional group that contains a carbon-oxygen double bond (C=O). The polar carhon-oxygen bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophihc. 

Ketones are a class of functional groups that contain an internal carbonyl (C=0) group and are connected to two alkyl groups. In contrast, aldehydes are a class of functional groups that contain an external carbonyl group, attatched to alkyl substituent and a hydrogen. Examples of ketones are acetone, cyclohexanone, diacetone alcohol, diisobutyl ketone, isophorone, methyl amyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), methyl isoamyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and methyl propyl ketone. The general form of a ketone is as follows ... 

In this chapter, we begin to study the reactions functional groups that contain a carbonyl group (C=0). The simplest of these is formaldehyde a model that shows the dipole and electron distribution is shown on the left. The high polarity of the carbonyl group dominates the chemistry of carbonyl compounds. Functional groups that contain a carbonyl group include aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and their derivatives, and many classes of cellular molecules. These compounds have some common chemistry, but there are many variations. We will discuss carbonyl compounds in Chapters 18-22. 

When a molecule contains two functional groups, the best discoimection uses the two together. So if you consider TM 84 as an alcohol, and use the carbonyl group to guide your disconnection, what do you get ... 

Many compounds contain more than one functional group Prostaglandin Ei a hormone that regulates the relaxation of smooth muscles con tains two different kinds of carbonyl groups Classify each one (aldehyde ketone carboxylic acid ester amide acyl chloride or acid anhydride) Identify the most acidic proton in prostaglandin Ei and use Table 1 7 to estimate its pK ... 

Compounds that contain both carbonyl and alcohol functional groups are often more stable as cyclic hemiacetals or cyclic acetals than as open chain compounds Examples of several of these are shown Deduce the structure of the open chain form of each... 

Organic compounds containing a hydroxyl, carbonyl, or amine functional group adjacent to a hydoxyl or carbonyl group can be oxidized using metaperiodate, 104 , as an oxidizing titrant. 

Polarography is used extensively for the analysis of metal ions and inorganic anions, such as lOg and NOg. Organic compounds containing easily reducible or oxidizable functional groups also can be studied polarographically. Functional groups that have been used include carbonyls, carboxylic acids, and carbon-carbon double bonds. 

Formation of Functional Groups. Metal carbonyls have been used in a number of cases to synthesize organic molecules containing particular functional groups (147—149). A synthesis of olefins from -dihahdes has been reported (148) ... 

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